Brick is one of the most popular materials used in construction. Correctly executed jointing of the brickwork has a special influence on the aesthetic appearance of the entire building. The design must indicate the width of the seams.
It depends on climatic conditions, number of storeys and functional purpose of the construction site. This indicator affects the strength of the entire building; without it, it is difficult to correctly calculate the consumption of building materials. As the thickness of the seams increases, the strength of the building decreases.
When do jointing
The strength of the building depends on the evenness of the seams. When the walls being built are not planned to be insulated and plastered on the outside, jointing for the brickwork will be required. To avoid any difficulties during further work, at the construction stage, bricks that are smooth, uniform in shape and color are selected.
It is imperative to ensure that the seams (horizontal and vertical) are of the same thickness. Joint jointing for brickwork can be done both during the construction phase and after its completion.
To obtain high-quality connections and reduce labor costs, the seams are unstitched before the mortar on which the brick is laid hardens. Lay out several rows of bricks, after which the seam is formed.
Jointing form
Brickwork seams are made in various options:
| № | View | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rectangular, flush with surface | Form with the back of the spatula. The texture is made smooth or sandy. To get the second option, brush through the solution with a stiff brush. |
| 2 | Rectangular with recess | Allows you to indicate the dressing of rows. Not suitable for use in climate zones with frequent precipitation. |
| 3 | Concave | Formed with a convex tool, often used to restore old masonry with damaged bricks. |
| 4 | Convex | Formed with a tool with a concave shape. |
| 5 | Beveled | Do it with the edge of a trowel, placing it at an angle. Single-cut or double-cut seams are obtained, which provide good drainage of water during rain. |
To increase the elasticity of masonry, experts often make the horizontal gaps slightly wider than the vertical ones.
Advantages of jointing
Joining brickwork has many advantages:
- low cost due to the fact that the purchase of expensive finishing materials is not required;
- the time required to complete the work is reduced compared to applying plaster solutions or finishing with siding, plastic, etc.;
- high strength and durability;
- the work can be done with your own hands or by using semi-skilled workers;
- if necessary, you can perform any finishing work on top.
The disadvantage is the low thermal insulation of the walls compared to the use of insulation materials.
Seam requirements
On frosty days, lay bricks with a minimum gap The durability of a brick building depends on the quality of the material, compliance with construction technology and operating conditions.
The size of the joint for brickwork plays an important role.
If the calculation is incorrect, the strength of the building will be significantly reduced.
In reinforced masonry, the seam should be 4 mm larger than the sum of the diameters of the intersecting reinforcement.
If construction is carried out at sub-zero temperatures, increasing the gap in the masonry will lead to the fact that the moisture in the solution may freeze before it hardens.
During defrosting, the ice will turn into water, and instead of a strong solution, you will get a loose substance.
To prevent such troubles, the brick is laid with a minimum gap (up to 5 mm), and fillers are added to the mortar to protect it from freezing.
The larger the gap between building materials, the more difficult it is to achieve uniform density between them. Because of this, the brick may receive additional shear and bending loads, which leads to its deformation.
Technology
The technology for performing work during construction and after its completion differs. For more information about jointing, watch this video:
During construction
The jointing tool is pressed into the solution They lay out several rows; the jointing must be done before the masonry mortar hardens.
Step-by-step instruction:
The degree of pressure of the tool must be adjusted so that the force is uniform, this will ensure a beautiful finish.
Restoration
During restoration, the old mortar is removed to a depth of 10 - 15 mm During operation, when exposed to atmospheric phenomena, the mortar gradually crumbles out of the wall. To protect building materials from destruction, restoration work is carried out.
To do this, you first need to prepare the surface:
- Remove the old mortar to a depth of 10 to 15 mm using a narrow wooden wedge or chisel and hammer.
- Clean dust and dirt from walls and from spaces between bricks. This can be done with a brush or a high-pressure cleaner. Dust prevents building materials from sticking together.
Then a solution is prepared for jointing. You can buy it or prepare it yourself. The materials are mixed in the following proportions: 1 part cement, 1 part lime and 10 parts sand. Prepare such a volume that they will have time to consume 1.5-2 hours before it hardens. If necessary, add coloring pigments for concrete.
Next, jointing is carried out in the same way as at the construction stage. To prevent the solution from spreading, a plaster falcon is held under the treated area. They also apply the solution horizontally. For more information about the restoration, watch this video:
If the solution turns out to be liquid, you can remove moisture from it by placing a dry red brick in the mixture for a few minutes, it will absorb the water.
Control
The size of vertical and horizontal gaps must be monitored during work. The gaps in 5-6 rows are measured, the resulting number is divided by the number of rows, and the size of the bricks is subtracted. The resulting indicator must correspond to the figure specified in the project documentation.
When calculating, we take into account that the width of the seam in the brickwork should be the same. It should not be that in one row the indicator is, for example, 8 mm, and in another 16 mm. Correctly calculated indicators and precise implementation of work technology will ensure reliability and durability of the building.
The correct choice of bricklaying method determines the strength and quality of the object being constructed, the consumption of materials, as well as the cost and duration of construction work. The brick bond itself plays an important role in ensuring the quality of the constructed structure. The fact is that such masonry requires the presence of vertical and horizontal joints, which are filled with cement mortar. It acts as a connecting component that connects the individual blocks together into a single structure.
According to masonry technology, a layer of a certain thickness is formed between the bricks, and its excess is removed. Then, while the cement mixture has not yet hardened, the joint between the bricks is made using a special tool.
In practice, the space between the individual blocks is filled and the joints are subsequently grouted in order to ensure the necessary sealing of such a building structure.
Thanks to the processing of the seam between the laid bricks, the masonry acquires an attractive and complete appearance. In addition, correct jointing of brickwork provides the walls with greater resistance to external factors, and also more effectively prevents moisture from penetrating into the building. Ultimately, the building will receive a significant extension of its service life.
Masonry mortar
To fasten individual bricks together, a special cement-based mortar is used. The strength and stability of the entire building structure depends on its quality. This mixture is made from the following materials:
- Portland cement;
- cleaned and sifted sand;
- water;
- special additives (used if necessary).
The quantity is determined by the scope of the relevant construction work. The consumption of this material depends on the chosen masonry method, that is, the thickness of the walls.
Proportions
Preparation of mortar for bricklaying involves maintaining certain proportions in each 
specific case. This ratio of the initial components depends on the number of storeys of the building being constructed, the type of structure being constructed, the composition and type of soil, as well as some other parameters. Typically, the ratio of cement to sand is 1:3, and in some cases this ratio can reach 1:6, depending on the architectural features of the structure being constructed and the brand of cement itself. Water occupies approximately 0.8 parts to one part dry cement.
What thickness of seams to choose
In practice, seams are the spaces filled with mortar that are located between the blocks being laid. A parameter such as thickness is an important indicator in basic construction calculations. Since they are horizontal and vertical, the thickness of these spaces has the appropriate size. In any construction project document, this size must be indicated, since without it it is quite difficult to make calculations and correctly calculate the estimate of the facility being constructed.
Without knowing such a characteristic as the thickness of the seam, it will be difficult to determine the required amount of initial components for preparing a mortar for laying bricks. The average statistical values of these indicators are known; they are contained in many construction reference books. For example, the average thickness of a horizontal seam is 12 mm, and the size of the vertical gap between blocks is 10 mm.
The maximum permitted horizontal thickness of the mortar is no more than 15 mm. The minimum vertical value of this indicator should not be less than 8 mm.
An increase in thickness beyond the indicators provided for by building codes is allowed only in cases where this is justified by the specifics of the project. Such technological deviations must be reflected in the working design drawings.
From a practical point of view, the thicker the joint between the bricks, the more difficult it is to achieve uniformity and density of the mortar between the blocks. Wide seams can contribute to unwanted deformation. Each specific type of masonry corresponds to a certain thickness of the mortar. The climatic conditions in which the operation of the structure under construction is planned are also taken into account when determining such an indicator as the thickness of the seams between individual blocks.
Moreover, the thickness of the joints can be determined by the weather conditions under which construction work on the brickwork is carried out. This size is especially relevant when the brick is laid in sub-zero temperatures. In this case, with an increased thickness of the joints, the moisture contained in the solution may crystallize even before it sets, which will have an undesirable effect on the quality of the masonry.
According to technological standards, the size of the seam between bricks in masonry must be checked and controlled.
In practice, the thickness of the mortar between blocks in 5–6 rows of masonry is measured. The result is divided by the number of measured rows, and then the size of the blocks is subtracted. The remaining figure is divided by the actual number of seams. The resulting average indicator should not exceed the values specified in the design of the structure under construction.
In some cases, in masonry this size can be only 5 mm. Typically, compliance with such minimum parameters is required when masonry is made with refractory bricks in kilns that are operated at fairly high temperatures. The fact is that under such conditions, an open solution that does not have sufficient resistance to thermal influences can collapse quite quickly. This will lead to disruption of the integrity of the brick structure and its failure. There are many examples where it is necessary to maintain the thickness of the joints within strictly defined parameters in order to ensure the necessary strength of the masonry.
Despite the fact that the construction industry does not stand still, more and more materials for the construction of buildings are appearing, brick still occupies a leading position in the choice of builders. The durability of the structure depends not only on the quality of the brick itself, the professionalism of the workers who did the masonry, but also on the thickness of the mortar in the brickwork. Incorrect thickness may affect the strength of the building. In addition, this figure is taken into account when calculating the required amount of other building materials, such as sand, cement and brick.
Seam technology for brick laying
The optimal seam size for brick laying is considered to be:
For vertical - 10 mm. The acceptable minimum is 8 mm, the maximum is 15 mm.
For horizontal - 12 mm. The permissible minimum is 10 mm, the maximum is 15 mm.
If these parameters are not observed, the masonry technology is violated. If you increase the thickness of the seam, this may affect the deformation of the structure. Vertical joints play one of the most important roles in masonry, because they carry not only vertical, but also horizontal loads.
Do not forget about the climatic conditions under which brick laying takes place. If construction takes place in winter at minimum temperatures, the mortar will not have time to set if the seams are thicker than required. The water in the solution will simply freeze.
The exception is masonry, where the seams are 5mm. It is used in the construction of furnaces and in working with refractory bricks.
Types of brickwork
Depending on the type of masonry, the building materials will be used, and the thickness of the seam may vary.
According to technology, three types of bricklaying are known: pressed, butted and butted with cutting mortar. A different solution is prepared for each type. For the first type, hard cement is suitable; accordingly, the seams will be thicker. When performing the last two types of masonry, use.
It is advisable to apply the above standards for brickwork where ceramic bricks are used. If the construction is carried out with sand-lime brick, stone or blocks, the requirements for seams are different.
Features of masonry
Masonry mortar
- Portland cement;
- cleaned and sifted sand;
- water;
Proportions
What thickness of seams to choose
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What should it be thickness seam brick masonry
Obviously, it is almost impossible to achieve ideal and absolutely uniform thickness of seams, so there are some tolerances within which the seam thickness is considered normal. In any serious construction project, the average thickness of joints for different types of masonry must be indicated. However, there are also average indicators. For horizontal seams This 10-15mm., For vertical - 8-15mm.
However, there are many factors that further influence the choice of seam thickness. For example, when a brick is laid in frosty conditions, they try to keep the thickness as low as possible. And in some cases, the thickness of the seams can even be 5 millimeters or less. As a rule, this thickness of joints is typical for critical masonry made of refractory bricks used in high-temperature furnaces.
Checking the joint thickness of brickwork
The thickness of the brickwork is checked as follows: measure the width of several rows of masonry (usually 5–6 rows), and then divide the resulting size by the number of rows, subtract the height of the bricks, and divide by the number of seams. The resulting result should not exceed the specified limits.
Check the thickness of the seams by measuring several floors and taking the average value. The average thickness of horizontal joints of brickwork within the height of the floor should be 12 mm, and vertical joints - 10 mm.
www.kirpich.nnov.ru
Why is it important to maintain the seam thickness according to the standards?
First of all, such requirements include determining the thickness of masonry joints. There are certain standards, due to non-compliance with which the entire brick structure may suffer. Too thick seams lead to the risk of deformation of the masonry. For this reason, each type of masonry has its own joint thickness. There is another factor that determines this value - the climatic conditions of the area in which the building is located.
If the thickness of the seams varies, then the pressure in the brickwork will be unevenly distributed. As a result, excess stress will arise in the material at the places of cuts and bends, which, ultimately, can cause deformation. In view of this, it is necessary to carefully control the thickness of the seam, both vertical and horizontal.
Tolerances and average values
It is impossible to ensure perfect compliance with all possible proportions. There are tolerance values within which a seam is considered normal. This indicator is determined individually for each project, indicating the permissible deviation in seam thickness for various masonry options. Average values have also been developed that can be used as a guide when drawing up a project. The average deviation of the horizontal seam is 10-15mm. The same indicator for vertical seams is 8-15mm.
In practice, the thickness of the seam is determined based on many factors, for example, the time of year and weather conditions in which the masonry is carried out. When laying bricks at sub-zero temperatures, it is especially important to comply with the requirements of building standards regulating this indicator. If the joint is too wide, the water in the solution may freeze before it “sets.”
Subsequently, as the temperature rises, the ice in the solution will turn back into water. In this case, the solution will lose strength. It is for this reason that when laying bricks in cold weather, the width of the seam is minimized to the limit. In some cases it can reach 5mm or less. To eliminate the risk of freezing of water in the solution during winter construction, various additives are used that act as antifreeze. If complex masonry is made from fire-resistant materials, the thickness of the seam is also kept to a minimum.
How is the average seam thickness determined?
This value is quite easy to calculate - it is determined by measuring several rows and drawing the average figure. The first stage of calculation is measuring the width of 5-7 rows of brickwork. After this, the final result is divided by the number of measured rows. The height of the bricks is subtracted from the resulting figure, after which it is divided by the number of masonry joints. The final figure should be within the range discussed above.
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Types and dimensions of bricks
Before we start talking about the size of the joint in brickwork, it is necessary to understand the design features of its constituent blocks. Brick blocks have been used for many centuries and during this time they have acquired new names - adobe, clinker and ceramite, dinas and fireclay. It is clear that they are made from clay materials of diverse mineral composition using various technologies, but the dimensions of the seam do not depend on these indicators.
But the density and presence of voids directly affect the strength of the masonry. Depending on the filling, the brick can be:
- Full-bodied, i.e. There are no unfilled spaces in it, but there is porosity. In a silicate product this figure is 12-14%, and in clinker it is 5%. Load-bearing structures are erected from them.
- Hollow. For silicate adobe, the hollowness ranges from 24-28%, for ceramite up to 45%. Since air is a good heat insulator and does not conduct sound well, the walls of buildings built from such material also acquire these characteristics.
When constructing fireplaces, stoves and chimneys, solid bricks are used, and when laying internal walls and partitions, hollow bricks are used. The hollow chambers inside the product can be round or rectangular, their number is 4-10 with a multiplicity of 2.
The masonry mortar is applied to a large plane of the face, which is called the bed. The other two are the spoon part and the end or butt, the smallest area. Depending on which side of the brick is external, the rows of masonry can be spoon or butt.
There are certain standards for the dimensions of ceramites and clinkers. One indicator is the plan dimensions. It is constant for all varieties (250 by 120 mm), and the height differs according to the name of the brick:
- single - 65;
- one and a half - 88;
- double - 138 mm.
European standards differ slightly from Russian ones. In plan it is 240 by 115 or 210 by 100 mm with a height of 52, 61, 71, 113 and 50, 65 mm, respectively. The variability of the seam dimensions will depend little on the standard to which the brick is made.
Factors determining seam dimensions
The consistency of the masonry mortar is such that it allows, when pressure is created on it, to fill surface unevenness, but only if the layer of the mixture does not exceed a certain thickness. If the condition is violated, the mass simply spreads to the sides without filling the roughness, which deteriorates the quality of the seam. From this point of view, the optimal value for a horizontal joint in brickwork is 10-15 mm. Vertical ones can be maintained at a slightly smaller interval, on average 10 mm.
The general average value of the thickness of the mortar layer is calculated by measuring each layer within the height of the masonry, the recommended figure is 12 mm. This applies to single (65 high) and one-and-a-half (88) bricks; they are used when developing a construction project. If the ceramite is double (138), then the seam should increase to 15 mm. To work by eye, plastic inserts are used - templates between masonry elements like crosses when gluing tiles.
Non-standard elements and the influence of inclusions in the mortar layer
Separately, it is necessary to consider construction from other building materials, which are significantly larger in size than brick. These are the following products:
- Gas blocks and foam blocks. Using masonry mortar, only the first row is installed. The thickness of the seam is determined by the unevenness of the base; the layer itself plays a leveling role. Further laying is done on an adhesive base, which has practically no thickness.
- When using reinforced concrete elements, the solution should not be thick. Usually milk of lime is mixed into it. The thickness of the seam is also not standardized here; the unevenness is simply smoothed out.
- In masonry it is impossible to develop any standard that is close to reality, since the places where the blocks meet do not have smooth edges, but are represented only by irregularities. Moreover, often strictly vertical seams are absent, and inclined ones are replaced. But filling the distances between the stones with mortar must be complete, usually the size of the cracks is 30-40 mm.
Sometimes a reinforcing mesh is used during masonry, but its thickness is insignificant and does not affect the standard size of the seam. In winter, to warm up the brickwork, heating electrodes are placed between the ceramites, but even under such conditions, the distance between the planes should be maintained within 12 mm.
Joining methods
Depending on how the front side of the brickwork is designed, the seam can be completely filled or incomplete, deepened 10-15 mm into the wall. This increases the adhesion (sticking) of the plaster planned to be applied to the surface of the structure.
The gap between the bricks filled with mortar goes under jointing. Excess mass squeezed out by ceramite is removed with this tool. Then, depending on the operating conditions of the structure, the shape of the seam is drawn up. It can be convex if precipitation may occur, or concave if there are no such preconditions. Finishing brickwork with jointing gives it a more presentable appearance and can be done in colors contrasting with ceramite (white or black).
This technique is used to update the facade of an old brick house. The old seams are slightly buried to apply new mastic. This work is very painstaking, but the result looks excellent, the structure is literally transformed and looks like it was freshly laid. Digging into the old solution is done using a chisel or a homemade tool, the size of the groove is 2-3 mm.
Seam thickness control
Despite the apparent simplicity of erecting a brick wall, it is a difficult and responsible task, because if the technological regime and established standards for individual masonry elements, including the size of joints, are not observed, the strength of the structure will be insufficient, and the object will not be accepted for operation. Therefore, during construction, constant monitoring of the distances between the rows of ceramites and the filling of the gaps with mortar is carried out. As mentioned above, for a standard brick the horizontal seam size is 12 mm with fluctuations from 10 to 15, vertical - 10 mm (from 8 to 15).
When laying in winter, builders try to maintain minimum values so that the mortar sets as quickly as possible. And when using refractory clinker or fireclay, the size is reduced to 5 mm. The verification method is simple:
- select 10 rows of masonry and measure the total height;
- determine the total size of the bricks by multiplying 10 by 65 mm for single or 88 for one and a half;
- subtract the second value from the first and divide the difference by the number of intervals.
The result must be within the limits established by the project. This is done as often as possible so that it is possible to intervene in the process if discrepancies are identified.
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Standard brick sizes
The brick is made in the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped with the following dimensions:
The brick has 6 surfaces: 2 pokes, 2 spoons and 2 beds.
Designation of brickwork elements
To make this article more informative for you, you need to understand the simple terms inherent in brickwork, the definition of which is presented below.
Brick laying is done in horizontal rows. The bricks are laid on the mortar with a wide edge - a bed (there are methods of laying on a spoon).
Horizontal seam- seam between adjacent horizontal rows.
Vertical seam- a seam separating the side edges of adjacent bricks. There are transverse and longitudinal.
Inner mile- a row of brickwork that extends to the inner surface.
Front or outer mile- a row of masonry that faces the outer (facade) side.
Zabutka– rows located between the inner and outer versts.
Spoon row- a row of bricks that are laid with spoons to the surface of the wall, i.e. long edges.
Bond row- a row of bricks that are laid with butts to the surface of the wall, i.e. short edges.
Suture dressing system- a certain order of alternating spoon and butt rows.
Spoon masonry- masonry in which the brick is laid with a spoon outward in relation to the front surface of the wall.
Bonded masonry- masonry in which the brick is laid with the butt facing outwards in relation to the front side of the wall.
The width of the brickwork must be a multiple of an odd or even number of halves (1/2) of bricks.
Brick thickness
Depending on climatic conditions, purpose of the building and design loads, brickwork can be of the following thickness:
The thickness of the masonry = the total thickness of the bricks in the masonry + the thickness of the mortar between the bricks. Example of laying 2 bricks: 250 mm+10mm+250mm=510mm
When planning dimensions, the width of a vertical joint in brickwork is usually considered to be 10 mm, but in practice this number varies from 8 to 12 mm.
Quarter brick masonry (1/4) – 65 mm
Half-brick masonry (1/2) – 120 mm
Single brick laying – 250mm
Laying one and a half bricks (1.5) – 380mm (250+10+120mm)
Laying in two bricks – 510 mm (250+10+250mm)
Laying two and a half bricks (2.5) – 640 mm (250+10+250+10+120mm)
Most often used in construction:
- single (ordinary, standard) brick, which has a height of 65 mm;
- thickened brick with a height of 88 mm.
When planning the size of a building, the height of a horizontal joint in brickwork is generally considered to be 12 mm, but in practice this number varies from 10 to 15 mm.
When electrically heating brickwork or reinforcing it, electrodes or a metal mesh are placed in the horizontal seams, respectively. In this case, the seam size should not be less than 12 mm.
Knowing what kind of brick (single or thickened) the structure is planned to be built from, you can easily calculate the height of the future structure:
Height of 10 rows of thickened brick = Height of 13 rows of single brick = 1000 mm
In order not to calculate and reduce the sketch dimensions to the constructive ones each time, the designer uses a table of brickwork dimensions. www.gvozdem.ru
Dressing systems
In order to combine rows of brickwork into a single strong monolithic structure, seam dressing systems are used. For theory, we suggest that you familiarize yourself with the basic rules of bricklaying.
The following vertical seams are ligated:
- transverse,
- longitudinal.
The strength and reliability of brickwork largely depends on the quality of the ligation of vertical longitudinal and transverse seams.
The ligation of vertical longitudinal seams is carried out by laying bonded rows and helps to avoid longitudinal destruction of the masonry.
Ligament of vertical transverse seams is performed by alternating spoon and butt rows, and in adjacent rows it is necessary to move the bricks by a quarter or half. This dressing ensures: uniform distribution of the load on the nearest sections of the masonry and the longitudinal relationship of adjacent bricks, which in turn gives the brickwork solidity and strength under uneven temperature deformations and precipitation.
Suture dressing systems
The following suture dressing systems are most often used in construction:
- single-row or chain;
- multi-row;
- three-row.
Single row system (chain)
Single-row ligation of sutures is performed by sequential alternation of stitch and spoon rows in compliance with the following rules:
- The first (lower) and last (upper) rows are laid with pokes.
- Longitudinal seams in adjacent rows are shifted by 1/2 (half a brick) relative to each other, transverse seams by 1/4 (a quarter of a brick).
- The bricks of the overlying row must overlap the vertical joints of the underlying row.
With a single-row ligation during the laying process, a large number of incomplete bricks will be needed (most often 3/4), the cutting of which will entail not only labor costs, but also serious losses of bricks, which will ultimately lead to significant financial investments.
It must be remembered that the chain ligation system is the most labor-intensive, but despite this, it is also more durable and reliable.
Multi-row system
Multi-row dressing of seams is a brickwork laid out in spoon rows, which are tied in height every 5-6 rows with one butted row. With this dressing system, the following rules must be observed:
- The first, also known as the bottom row, is placed with pokes.
- Second row - spoons.
- The third, fourth, fifth and sixth - with spoons with ligation of the seams in 1/2 (half a brick). This is done regardless of the thickness of the wall.
- Along the width of the wall, the vertical longitudinal seams of the masonry of five rows do not need to be bandaged.
- The pokes of the seventh row overlap the seams of the sixth row of spoons by 1/4 (a quarter of a brick).
Advantages of a multi-row dressing system:
- there is no need for a large number of incomplete bricks;
- most productive;
- allows the use of brick halves for laying backfills;
- improves the thermal characteristics of the masonry (this occurs due to increased thermal resistance, located along the path of the heat flow, untied longitudinal seams of five rows).
Flaws:
- the third rule for cutting brickwork is not fully observed;
- strength is less than with single-row dressing;
- cannot be used when laying brick pillars due to incomplete bandaging of the longitudinal seams.
Three-row system
The three-row seam dressing system is used for bricklaying narrow walls and pillars, the width of which does not exceed 1 m.
Main types of suture dressing
Laying 1 brick (cross) – option 1
| View from the facade
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Dressing sutures
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Laying 1 brick (cross) – option 2
| View from the facade
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Dressing sutures
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| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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1-brick multi-row masonry
Laying 1.5 bricks option 1
View from the facade  |
Dressing sutures
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View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry  |
Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Masonry of 1.5 bricks. Option 2
| View from the facade
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Dressing sutures
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| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Laying 2 bricks
| View from the facade
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Dressing sutures
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| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Laying 2.5 bricks
| View from the facade
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Dressing sutures
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| View from the facade. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Inside view. Bandaging 2nd and 3rd rows of masonry
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Masonry methods
Internal and external versts are laid in the following ways:
- end to end,
- end-to-end with cutting the mortar,
- press in.
The zabutka is placed in a half-stuffed position.
The choice of a specific method depends on:
- season,
- requirements for the cleanliness of the outer surface of the masonry,
- the state of the brick itself (wet or dry),
- plasticity of the solution.
Masonry technology
Before starting brickwork on the plinth, it is necessary to insulate it. To do this, a layer of roofing felt or other insulating material is laid around the perimeter of the masonry under the brick.
Using a level, several rows of bricks are laid in the corners of the plinth. The orders are attached to the corners using staples. The distance between the divisions in the order is 77 mm (65 mm height of a single brick + 12 mm height of the mortar). According to established procedures, mooring cords are pulled, which help maintain the straightness and horizontality of the erected rows of brickwork. It is advisable to place the cord every 5 m to prevent it from sagging (if the mooring is stretched by 10 m, then after 5 m a beacon is made in the form of bricks to tension the cord). The mooring cord for external walls is fastened in order, and for internal walls using staples.
Using a trowel, a mortar is placed on the brick, the thickness is 30 mm and the distance from the outer part of the wall is 20 mm. The first row of brickwork is bonded. The brick is laid using the “press” or “butt” method.
The end-to-end method
Using the “end-to-end” method, the brick is laid on a plastic mortar (cone draft 12-13 cm).
The sequence of actions when laying bricks “back to back”:
- At first:
- take the brick in your hands and tilt it a little,
- rake a little of the spread mortar onto the brick with the edge (with a spoon - for the butt row, with a poke - for the spoon row),
- move the brick with the raked mortar towards the brick that was laid earlier.
- Then the brick is laid on the mortar.
Press method
Using the “press” method, the brick is laid on a hard mortar (cone draft 7...9 cm) with mandatory jointing and full filling of the seams.
The sequence of actions when laying bricks “pressed”:
- A portion of the mortar is raked and pressed against the vertical edge of the previously laid brick with a trowel.
- Then they lay a new brick, making sure to press it against the trowel.
- With a sharp upward movement, remove the trowel.
- They lay down the brick.
Detailed instructions for laying bricks from marking the foundation to laying the wall are on our website www.gvozdem.ru in the article “Do-it-yourself bricklaying”.
Joining seams
To obtain sufficient compaction of the mortar in the seams, as well as to give the brickwork a clear pattern on the outside, jointing is used. In this case, brick laying is carried out with cutting the mortar. When stitching, the seams are given the following shapes:
- triangular,
- concave,
- convex,
- rectangular,
- rounded.
For example, to obtain convex seams, concave joints are used.
To obtain better quality seams and reduce labor costs, the seams of the brickwork are unstitched until the mortar sets, following the following sequence:
- use a brush or rag to wipe the surface of the brickwork from mortar splashes adhering to it;
- embroider vertical seams (3-4 spoons or 6-8 stitches);
- unstitch the horizontal seams.
If in the future you plan to plaster the walls, then the bricklaying must be done empty, i.e. Do not bring the solution 10-15 mm to the wall surface. This method will allow the plaster to firmly adhere to the wall surface. © www.gvozdem.ru
Masonry reinforcement
SNiP II-22-81 "Stone and reinforced stone structures."
GOSTs, SNiPs, SP
SNiP 3.03.01-87 "Load-bearing and enclosing structures"
SNiP II-22-81 "Stone and reinforced masonry structures"
www.gvozdem.ru
Needless to say, ceramic brick is one of the most popular building materials. The technology of brick production, as well as the various types of its masonry, have been known since time immemorial. How long a building built of brick will last depends not only on its quality, but also on the quality of the mortar, laying technology, skill of the mason and the thickness of the joints in the brickwork.
Although one of the parameters of the durability of a structure is the frost resistance of the brick (the ability to withstand a certain number of complete freezing and thawing cycles), adjusted for the climate coefficient, an incorrect seam thickness can completely destroy the entire calculation system.
For brickwork, the thickness of horizontal joints should be 12 mm. In some cases, a minimum seam thickness of 10 mm and a maximum seam width of 15 mm are allowed.
The vertical seam should be 10 mm. The minimum possible vertical seam is 8 mm. The maximum width of a vertical seam is 15 mm. In any construction project, the thickness of the joints must be indicated. Without this indicator, it is very difficult to make a correct estimate for the construction of a facility, since it is difficult to calculate the amount of cement, sand and even the amount of brick. If a mason reduces the thickness of the joints by a couple of millimeters, the total number of bricks may increase. As soon as the mason increases the size of the seam, the strength of the building decreases.
The thicker the brickwork joint, the more difficult it is to achieve uniform joint density between the bricks. Due to uneven density, brick may experience additional bending and shear loads. Thick joints in the masonry contribute to greater deformation. Therefore, for a certain type of masonry, designers set a certain thickness of the seam. In addition to the types of masonry, the thickness of the joints is influenced by the climatic conditions in which the building will be operated.
In addition, the thickness of the seams may vary depending on the weather conditions in which the brick laying work is carried out. The thickness of the seam is especially important when the brick is laid in frosty conditions. As the thickness of the seam increases, until the solution sets, the moisture inside the solution may crystallize.
Simply put, the water in the solution will simply freeze. And as soon as the temperature rises, the ice will again turn into water, but instead of a strong seam, it will become a kind of loose substance. Therefore, the thickness of the brickwork seam when working in frosty weather should be as minimal as possible. In addition, various fillers are added to the solution, which act as antifreeze.
The thickness of the seams, with the right approach to technology, must be checked. To do this, measure the width of several rows of masonry (usually 5-6 rows). The resulting size is divided by the number of rows, the size of the bricks is subtracted, and the remaining figure is divided by the number of seams. The resulting average figure should not exceed the limits specified in the building design.
In some cases, the thickness of the seams can be only 5 millimeters. Usually this is a critical masonry made of refractory bricks, which is used in furnaces with high temperatures.
Gas silicate, gas silicate blocks, cellular concrete, aerated concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete. All these names refer to the same building material - autoclaved aerated concrete.
Brick laying under jointing is used when finishing materials will not be applied to the surface of the brickwork, but at the same time the surface should look visually finished.
The characteristics of the building directly depend on the quality of the brickwork. In particular, the strength, thermal insulation and durability of the building as a whole depend on the quality of the masonry.
Vladimir
Messages: 1
Average seam size
Answer #1 date: 10/24/2013 at 05:53:48
With the calculation of the average seam thickness you indicated, even non-standard seams can pass. Example: between six rows of bricks, the thickness of the seams, measured at each seam, is 8,19,23,7 - not a single seam complies with SNiP. We calculate according to your scheme: we measure 6 rows from brick to brick - 465, subtract the size of the brick - for example 65. 465 - 65 * 6 = 75 divided by the number of seams - 5, 75/5 = 15, which is fully consistent with SNiP. Those. Non-standard seams with this calculation are within the framework of SNiP.
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Joint size between bricks
The correct choice of bricklaying method determines the strength and quality of the object being constructed, the consumption of materials, as well as the cost and duration of construction work. The brick bond itself plays an important role in ensuring the quality of the constructed structure. The fact is that such masonry requires the presence of vertical and horizontal joints, which are filled with cement mortar. It acts as a connecting component that connects the individual blocks together into a single structure.
Features of masonry
According to masonry technology, a layer of a certain thickness is formed between the bricks, and its excess is removed. Then, while the cement mixture has not yet hardened, the joint between the bricks is made using a special tool.
In practice, the space between the individual blocks is filled and the joints are subsequently grouted in order to ensure the necessary sealing of such a building structure.
Thanks to the processing of the seam between the laid bricks, the masonry acquires an attractive and complete appearance. In addition, correct jointing of brickwork provides the walls with greater resistance to external factors, and also more effectively prevents moisture from penetrating into the building. Ultimately, the building will receive a significant extension of its service life.
Masonry mortar
To fasten individual bricks together, a special cement-based mortar is used. The strength and stability of the entire building structure depends on its quality. This mixture is made from the following materials:
- Portland cement;
- cleaned and sifted sand;
- water;
- special additives (used if necessary).
The quantity is determined by the scope of the relevant construction work. The consumption of this material depends on the chosen masonry method, that is, the thickness of the walls.
Preparation of mortar for bricklaying involves maintaining certain proportions in each 
specific case. This ratio of the initial components depends on the number of storeys of the building being constructed, the type of structure being constructed, the composition and type of soil, as well as some other parameters. Typically, the ratio of cement to sand is 1:3, and in some cases this ratio can reach 1:6, depending on the architectural features of the structure being constructed and the brand of cement itself. Water occupies approximately 0.8 parts to one part dry cement.
What thickness of seams to choose
In practice, seams are the spaces filled with mortar that are located between the blocks being laid. A parameter such as thickness is an important indicator in basic construction calculations. Since they are horizontal and vertical, the thickness of these spaces has the appropriate size. In any construction project document, this size must be indicated, since without it it is quite difficult to make calculations and correctly calculate the estimate of the facility being constructed.
Without knowing such a characteristic as the thickness of the seam, it will be difficult to determine the required amount of initial components for preparing a mortar for laying bricks. The average statistical values of these indicators are known; they are contained in many construction reference books. For example, the average thickness of a horizontal seam is 12 mm, and the size of the vertical gap between blocks is 10 mm.
The maximum permitted horizontal thickness of the mortar is no more than 15 mm. The minimum vertical value of this indicator should not be less than 8 mm.
An increase in thickness beyond the indicators provided for by building codes is allowed only in cases where this is justified by the specifics of the project. Such technological deviations must be reflected in the working design drawings.
From a practical point of view, the thicker the joint between the bricks, the more difficult it is to achieve uniformity and density of the mortar between the blocks. Wide seams can contribute to unwanted deformation. Each specific type of masonry corresponds to a certain thickness of the mortar. The climatic conditions in which the operation of the structure under construction is planned are also taken into account when determining such an indicator as the thickness of the seams between individual blocks.
Moreover, the thickness of the joints can be determined by the weather conditions under which construction work on the brickwork is carried out. This size is especially relevant when the brick is laid in sub-zero temperatures. In this case, with an increased thickness of the joints, the moisture contained in the solution may crystallize even before it sets, which will have an undesirable effect on the quality of the masonry.
According to technological standards, the size of the seam between bricks in masonry must be checked and controlled.
In practice, the thickness of the mortar between blocks in 5–6 rows of masonry is measured. The result is divided by the number of measured rows, and then the size of the blocks is subtracted. The remaining figure is divided by the actual number of seams. The resulting average indicator should not exceed the values specified in the design of the structure under construction.
In some cases, in masonry this size can be only 5 mm. Typically, compliance with such minimum parameters is required when masonry is made with refractory bricks in kilns that are operated at fairly high temperatures. The fact is that under such conditions, an open solution that does not have sufficient resistance to thermal influences can collapse quite quickly. This will lead to disruption of the integrity of the brick structure and its failure. There are many examples where it is necessary to maintain the thickness of the joints within strictly defined parameters in order to ensure the necessary strength of the masonry.
kirpich-sbm.ru
In the middle of the opening, the masonry is closed, wedging the hewn brick.
For walls one brick thick, for laying a tray row, the bricks are placed in stacks of two bricks, placed in the middle of the wall parallel to its axis with a distance between the stacks of one brick; for laying a bonded row - in the middle of the wall perpendicular to its axis with a distance between stacks of 1/2 brick.
It is also important for the customer and contractor to know that masons, as a rule, calculate the cost of laying facing bricks not by cubic capacity or even by squares, but by the piece.
When calculating consumption, you must be guided by the consumption rates of brick and cement per 1 m3 of masonry of various thicknesses.
The work should be completed with several rows of solid masonry, placing reinforcement under it.
A large mass of cooled walls requires significant fuel consumption each time to warm them up, and sudden changes in indoor temperature lead to moisture condensation on the internal surfaces of brick walls.
But first, let us remind readers what this material is and how not to make a mistake in choosing it when purchasing it.
The next rows of spoons are laid with ligation of the vertical seams. Bandaging of longitudinal seams is done so that the masonry does not delaminate along the wall, and so that the load in the masonry is evenly distributed across the width of the wall. For plinting stones, a rectangular sledgehammer weighing about 5 kg is used, and for processing stones, a hammer-cam weighing 2.3 kg is used, which is used to chop off sharp corners (Fig. To do this, when applying the mortar, it is enough to attach a template that will allow you to lay the mortar in a thin and even layer. Hard rock stones are expensive and labor-intensive to process, so they are mainly used in non-residential construction - for cladding plinths or individual parts of buildings and structures, cladding the supports of bridges, embankments. In practice, the situation with laying facing bricks is sometimes completely different for reinforcement. When re-lining the masonry, the bonded rows are laid through 3 trench rows. The main load of the building is borne by the concrete structures and the internal brick fillings of the walls. But with any method of tying, the same rule must be followed: the thickness of the vertical joints (the distance between the bricks in the rows) should be 10 mm, and the horizontal ones. (distance between rows) – preferably 12-15 mm.
Its peculiarity is that, along with traditional forms, the assortment includes bricks with beveled corners. However, during pressing under a pressure of 60-90 MPa, due to its plasticity, it makes it possible to obtain a brick of an ideal shape with a deviation of geometric dimensions of no more than 0.7 mm and a glossy surface on all planes. To obtain the desired color of the solution, color additives are added. Impregnation has the following properties: - stops capillary diffusion; - non-toxic – does not contain organic solvents; - provides high adhesion; - has excellent adhesion; - strengthens weak foundations. The width of the walls with this type of masonry is 51 cm. Many sellers provide services for delivering bricks directly to the construction site. This greatly facilitates the mason’s work, since laying spoon bricks along a mooring cord is more productive than laying bricks; The accuracy of the dressing is easier to ensure, and the number of transverse seams in the masonry, which require careful work, is reduced.
When the vertical joints are weakly filled with mortar, under the influence of loads, individual bricks first shift, and then the masonry collapses. The same situation is observed in the prices of “European” bricks, the yellow one of which costs 1,600 UAH per thousand, and the “American” brick, which with a yellow “face” costs 1,450 UAH per thousand. Since its inception, brick masonry has had several types of masonry techniques. If we are talking about mortar strictly for laying columns (pillars), we must remember that it must be no lower than grade “25”. Spreading the mortar evenly in thickness is perhaps the most important point in the process of bricklaying - it determines whether the compression and density of the mortar in the masonry will be the same.
thickness of brickwork seams of facing bricks
Masonry from large concrete, silicate or brick blocks, as well as from piece materials, is used for the construction of underground and above-ground structures of buildings and structures, blocks from lightweight concrete, silicate, hollow and porous-hollow bricks - mainly for laying the outer walls of buildings. The most popular brands are with the commercial names “American smooth”, “European smooth”, “Finnish brick”, “marble brick”. They must be properly fired, since unburned material (scarlet color) has insufficient strength, reduced water and frost resistance, and overburned material (dark brown color) has increased density, thermal conductivity and often has a distorted shape. The first rule of cutting. In turn, the masters had professional secrets. But taking into account the ecology of the environment, the presence of harmful impurities, dust, etc. in the atmosphere and air. At the same time, the absence of ligation of longitudinal seams to a height of five rows of masonry practically does not reduce its strength, at the same time, due to the high thermal resistance of these seams located in the path of thermal flow, the thermal performance of the masonry is improved.
The technology for making bricks is basically the same.
This product is produced by Fasad LLC (St.
The cement must be PTs 500 grade without additives.
Taking a brick and holding it obliquely, use the butt edge of the brick to rake up part of the mortar previously spread on the bed.
When laying in a waste area, that is, when the seams are left unfilled to a depth of 10 mm from the outer surface of the wall, the mortar is spread at a distance of 20-30 mm from the face of the wall. Depending on its shape, a recessed, convex, concave, triangular double-shear or other seam shape is obtained. And if such brochures or leaflets also tell about the technique of preparing mortar, the particularities of laying individual architectural elements, then such printed products become a “handbook” for the foreman and mason. Multi-row ligation - with this, the masonry consists of individual walls 1/2 brick thick (120 mm), made of spoons and tied through several rows in height with a butted row. In total there are about 130 products. Substances that are resistant to environmental influences and approved for use in the production of building materials are used as dyes. It must contain a plasticizer (lime or clay). When cutting bricks, the hammer blow must be directed perpendicular to the spoon, otherwise the cutting line may be incorrect and you will end up with an incomplete brick with an oblique end. Everything depends on the agreement. In most cases, sellers do not limit the cladding range to bricks only.
For hollow bricks, a mixture with a mobility of no more than 7-8 cm of cone draft is needed, and for solid bricks - about 12-14 cm. By turning the bracket to a new position, a line of tension of the mooring cord is obtained for the next row. The brick is leveled, and the excess mixture is removed with a trowel. First of all, a bed is laid out from a solution 9 mm thick.
To prepare a white solution, decorative white cement and white quartz sand are used. Ordinary lintels are laid from selected whole bricks, observing the horizontality of the rows and the rules for tying ordinary masonry. For high-quality brickwork, it is necessary to pay special attention to the uniform distribution of the mortar on the bed. Calculations are performed in order to have accurate information regarding how many bricks will be needed to build the entire house. This type of masonry is called five-row. Zabutka in all rows is performed with pokes. To prevent the mooring cord from sagging between the beacons, a wooden lighthouse wedge is placed under it, the thickness of which is equal to the height of the row of masonry, and a brick is placed on top of it, with which the cord is pressed.
The factory cost of a thousand pieces of the latter is 963 UAH, and the figured one is 1228. The butt joint method with cutting the mortar is used in the construction of walls with full filling of horizontal and vertical seams and with jointing. Jumpers. The masonry was carried out using lime with the addition of crushed ceramics.
During laying, the brick is held almost flat, at a distance of 6–8 cm from the previously laid one, gradually lowering the brick onto the mortar bed, raking in a small amount of mortar with an edge, moving the brick close to the previously laid one and pressing it into place with hand pressure.
The erroneous opinion of the majority that laying bricks is easy can have a detrimental effect on the results of the work. Failure to comply with masonry standards and requirements leads to the fact that the safety of the buildings being erected suffers. A person who does not have sufficient skills may not be aware of many nuances that can ultimately negatively affect the performance of the design.
The correct choice of seam thickness is the key to the durability of the structure
One of the important standards is the thickness of the masonry joints, which directly affects the reliability of the brick structure. An incorrectly determined seam thickness can lead to deformation of the entire masonry. That is why there are different values for different types of masonry.
When determining this parameter, it is also necessary to take into account the climatic conditions of the area.
It is very important to maintain the same size of seams. Otherwise, the load on the masonry itself will be uneven, which will entail excess stress in the material. This is especially true for places of cuts and bends, and, ultimately, can lead to deformation of the structure.
It is necessary to control both vertical and horizontal seams.
How to achieve optimal thickness?
In practice, even the strictest control will not give ideal values for the thickness of the joints along the entire perimeter of the masonry. In this regard, various tolerances have been developed under which the standards are met. In each project, they are determined individually, and permissible deviations are immediately prescribed, taking into account the design of the masonry. At the project creation stage, it is customary to use average seam sizes.
Thus, the accepted average deviation of a horizontal seam is 10-15 mm, a vertical one is 8-15 mm.
In the process of building a wall, many factors are taken into account, such as the time of year, meteorological conditions, purpose, material and format of the masonry.
Also important is the aesthetic appearance of the finished structure.
For example, when the temperature deviates below zero, the water in the solution turns into ice, which melts as the temperature rises and causes the seam to lose strength.
Under such conditions, it is very important to strictly adhere to the regulations and standards required for this type of weather conditions. Therefore, in cold weather it is customary to take the minimum allowable size of the seam thickness. In some cases it can be minimized to 5 mm. Also in winter, various antifreeze additives are used to prevent water from freezing.
Complex masonry made of fire-resistant materials also requires minimizing the thickness of the seam. However, it should be remembered that all parameters must be calculated individually for a specific project.
How to determine the average seam size?
This parameter is determined quite simply: by measuring the width of a certain number of rows of masonry and subsequent calculation.
For measurements, use 5-7 rows of brickwork. This number is divided by the number of rows of masonry that participated in the measurement.
The resulting number must be within the above range.
