Handbook of the Russian language. Continuous and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations Completely how to write an adverb

Spelling adverbs

An adverb is a part of speech around which there have been ongoing discussions in Russian linguistics over the past three centuries. Even A. A. Barsov (1730–1791), the author of the first “Russian Grammar”, believed that the etymological meaning of the term “adverb” (in Latin ADVERBUM - “preverb”, from the word VERBUM - “verb”) does not correspond to the real functions this part of speech in the language, because adverbs are also used before an adjective and before other adverbs. Consider examples:

DRAW BEAUTIFULLY (adverb + verb)

VERY BEAUTIFUL (adverb + adjective)

VERY HARD (adverb + adverb)

In the 19th century, scholarly opinions about this part of speech were more radically divided. K. S. Aksakov and F. I. Buslaev believed that such a part of speech does not exist at all. But A. A. Potebnya “returned” the adverb to the morphology of the Russian language, and academician A. A. Shakhmatov even believed that the adverb occupies a central place in the system of parts of speech. The reason for these disputes is that words, which are usually called adverbs, are formed from words of other parts of speech (from nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs) and are very similar to them. Consider a few examples:

the adverb TOVSTRECHU (“sail /where?/ towards the wind”) was formed from the combination of the preposition ON with the noun VSTRECHU (“to be late for a meeting with a colleague”);

the adverb IN OUR way (“everything turned out / how?/ in our way”) was formed from a combination of the preposition ON and the pronoun NASHEMU (“in our case”);

the adverb KRASIVO (“to speak /how?/beautifully”) is very similar to the short adjective KRASIVO (“the evening sea /what?/beautiful”).

Sometimes when a word passes from any part of speech into an adverb, it completely retains its spelling. This happened with the adverb BEAUTIFUL. But it happens that a newly formed adverb changes its graphic appearance in comparison with the original word or combination of words: it is written with a hyphen (IN OUR WAY) or together (TO WAY). This is precisely what causes difficulties when choosing the correct spelling of adverbs.

Continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling of adverbs depends on how they were formed. Let's consider each of the spelling options in order.

CONCLUSION adverbs are written in six cases:

If the adverb was formed relatively long ago and it contains nominal forms that are not currently used in the literary language, for example: GREATLY, INTO SHELLS, LOCKED UP, AWAY, BACK, BACK, BY SPIDGE, SILENTLY, ZAPANIBRATA, HAPPY, HASHY, ALERT, ON AN ETOSHCHAC, NEVPOPAD, EARLY, EARLY etc. In other words, the adverb VDREBEZGI is written together, since there is no form of DREBEZGI in the modern literary language.

If an adverb was formed by combining a prefix with another adverb, for example: VERY, FOR FREE, FOREVER, THE DAY AFTER TOMORROW, EVERYWHERE, IN ADVANCE, etc. Let's take a closer look at the last word: the prefix FOR is added to the adverb EARLIER, and a more complex adverb IN ADVANCE is formed, which, naturally, is written together .

If an adverb is formed by combining a preposition with an adjective. Both full and short forms can participate in the formation of adverbs. Full adjectives answer the questions WHAT?, WHAT?, WHAT?, WHAT?, in the nominative case. For example, the adverb from the phrase MADE BY MANUAL was formed by merging the preposition B with the adjective MANUAL (in the nominative case - MANUAL). In a similar way, the adverbs TIGHT, SCATTERED, DARK, CLEAR, etc. appeared. Short adjectives answer the questions WHAT?, WHAT?, WHAT? and WHAT ARE THERE? and have truncated endings compared to full adjectives, compare: HOT (answers the question WHAT? - this is the full form) and HOT-A ​​(answers the question WHAT? - this is the short form). For example, an adverb that was created by merging the preposition C and the short adjective HOT must be written together. In a similar way, the adverbs LEFT, DRY, DEAD, FROM A FAR, QUICKLY, LITTLE, LOWLY, SLOWLY were formed.

If an adverb was formed by combining a preposition with a noun, but between the preposition and the noun from which the adverb was formed, a defining adjective, pronoun, numeral cannot be inserted without changing the meaning, or if a case question cannot be posed to the noun: IN ADDITION, FORD, VLET, AGAIN, TRULY, AROUND, FOLLOWING, SIDEWAY, INTERBEND, FLIGHT, FIT (SUIT), ON TIME (ARRIVE), SIDEWAY (PUT ON A HAT), TOWARD, RIGHT AWAY, HEADWAY (BREAK), IN SPITE, BY MEMORY (LEARN), FORWARD, HALF, INTERCEPT, ON SHOW, FINALLY, FOR EXAMPLE, RENTED, CHANTED, ALONG, FORCED, RANDOMLY, THE MORNING (RETURN), IN A ROW, Occasionally, etc. This does not apply to words that are formed from the nouns TOP, BOTTOM, FRONT, BACK, HIGH, DAL , CENTURY, BEGINNING and have spatial or temporal significance. Despite the possibility of placing a defining word in front of some of them, they are written together, for example: UP, UP, UP, UP, UP, TOP; DOWN, BELOW, BOTTOM, BOTTOM, BOTTOM; FORWARD, FORWARD; BACK; UP; IN THE DISTANCE, IN THE DISTANCE, IN THE DISTANCE; FOREVER, FOREVER, FOREVER, FOREVER, FOREVER; FIRST, FIRST.

If an adverb was formed by combining a preposition with a pronoun, for example: BECAUSE, THEN, THEREFORE, THEREFORE, AT ALL, Draw. AT ALL.

If the adverb was formed by combining the preposition B or NA with collective numerals. Numerals in Russian are divided into three groups: quantitative (for example, TWO, FIVE, TEN), ordinal (SECOND, FIFTH, TENTH) and collective (TWO, FIVE, TEN). In accordance with the rule, adverbs formed only from the numerals of the last group are written together, for example: DOUBLE, TWO, SIX. The spelling of adverbs formed from numerals of other types will be discussed below.

The adverb is written WITH A HYPHEN in four cases.

If it is formed by repetition of the same word (for example, QUICKLY-QUICKLY), the same stem (CROSS-CROSS) or synonymous words (QUIETLY-PEACEFULLY).

If an adverb is formed from full adjectives and pronouns ending in -OMU, -EMU, -TSKI, -SKI, -I using the prefix ON, for example: IN A NEW WAY, IN YOUR WAY, IN GERMAN, IN RUSSIAN, IN- BIRD.

If an adverb is formed from an ordinal number ending with -ИХ or -ИХ, using the prefix B or VO, for example: SECOND, FIFTH.

If an adverb is formed with the help of particles that are always written with a hyphen: -THAT, -EITHER, -SOMETHING, SOMETHING, -SO. Such adverbs are called indefinite, for example: SOMEWHERE, SOMEWHERE, ANYWAY, SOMEWHERE.

Adverbs that are written separately, it is more fair to call adverbial combinations, since these are combinations of words that belong to other parts of speech and have only acquired some characteristics of adverbs. Perhaps some time will pass, and they will turn into full-fledged adverbs and will be written in the dictionary with a hyphen or even together, but now such words have only just embarked on the path of becoming adverbs. Among adverbial combinations written separately, four groups can be distinguished.

The first group includes combinations of nouns with various prepositions, in which the noun has retained at least some case forms. Consider the following examples: SHATTING, SQUATTING; ABROAD, ABROAD, FROM ABROAD; AT HOME, AT HOME; TO MEMORY, BY MEMORY; IN CONSCIENCE, IN CONSCIENCE; BY HAND, NOT BY HAND; UNDER THE ARMPITS, UNDER THE ARMPITS, UNDER THE ARMMIT, UNDER THE ARMMIT, FROM UNDER THE ARMMITS; ON BAIL, ON BAIL. An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech: it is neither inflected nor conjugated. But if a word has several case forms, then it is not an adverb and it must be written separately with the preposition.

The second group of adverbial combinations, which are written separately, consists of a preposition ending with a consonant and a noun beginning with a vowel. For example: IN AN HUG, ALONE, IN REVENGE, AT POINT POINT, AT PLEASE, WITHOUT RESISTANCE, WITHOUT TIRED and others.

The third group consists of adverbial combinations, consisting of two repeated nouns, sometimes with a preposition between them. For example: HONOR WITH HONOR, ODD WITH ERROR, SIDE BY SIDE, EYE TO EYE, DOOR TO DOOR.

The fourth group is a less clearly defined set of combinations of nouns with prepositions that are used in an adverbial meaning or are simply similar to adverbs because they answer the question HOW?. For example: WITHOUT KNOWING, WITHOUT A REQUEST, WITHOUT LOOKING BACK, WITHOUT PURPOSES, WITHOUT TIRED, IN THE INSOLE, TO THE DEATH, TO DEATH, ON THE RUN, IN VIEW, AT THE EYE, ON THE RUN, ON THE WALK and others. The spelling of such words must be memorized, and if in doubt, seek help from a spelling dictionary.

It is necessary to remember the exception words that are written differently than indicated in the rule: IN THE OPEN, ON THE MOUNTAIN, IN LATIN, EXACTLY.

EXERCISE

There are not many clamps and carts, it will be necessary to start all this in winter, both well and happily. [A. A. Fet. Autumn chores]

One of the four ears hung completely like a dog. [YU. Mamleev. End of the World/Black Mirror]

I would like to leave you something as a souvenir. [A. S. Pushkin. Kirdzhali]

You need to prepare for the exit in advance (especially if there are a lot of passengers). [Rules of conduct in ground transport]

Following her, a German doctor, in a black caftan and a scholarly wig, entered, felt Natasha’s pulse and announced in Latin, and then in Russian, that the danger had passed. [A. S. Pushkin. Moor of Peter the Great]

They began to live and get along with Valyusha, and little by little it began to dawn on them that they were complete strangers to each other. [IN. Shukshin. My husband's wife accompanied him to Paris]

Yes, there was discipline then, not like now, and they worked conscientiously, sparing no effort.. [O. Glushkin. Last flight]

I immediately feel cold, although I am dressed in a warm monkey blanket and a fur hat, over which I also have a Budyonnovka cap, and a woolen shawl tied crosswise. [A. Chudakov. Darkness falls on the old steps]

I need money not the day after tomorrow, but today. [A. P. Chekhov. Bear]

He was tired of getting ready to go abroad every day and really wanted to go home to his place in Novoselki. [A. P. Chekhov. Compensation disorder]

For a cup of wine you pay five times, six times more than in a tavern. [F. M. Dostoevsky. Notes from a Dead House]

We need to see the world in a new way. [YU. Olesha. Notes of the writer]

The children who were rolling on the ice rushed scattered onto the shore like sparrows. [D. Mamin-Sibiryak. Bad Comrade]

The bell rings on the front porch: an aristocratic figure, a decent suit, rented. [IN. Gilyarovsky. Moscow and Muscovites]

The connections are severed, the secret is forever lost... the secret is born! [A. Bits. Notes of a goy]

The school director wrote him a pass in German to the city, to the army headquarters. [A. N. Tolstoy. Strange story]

All the boats were smashed to pieces, into splinters, the last remnants were scattered across the sky and sea. [B. Zhitkov. Geography lesson]

And we waited for you until seven o’clock, then we decided that you wouldn’t come at all. [A. P. Chekhov. Cripple]

Secondly, it was much more important than first. [E. Limonov. We had the Epoch Times]

The Frenchman did not have that kind of money and went home, eating poorly. [IN. Shukshin. Aliens]

Along the pavement, close to each other, shimmering with varnish and filling the night with the hubbub of horns and radios, slowly, in several rows, endless lines of cars of strange foreign breeds crawled. [WITH. Gandlevsky.<НРЗБ>]

Just recently, in the center of Leningrad, on Kamenny Island, children going to school in the morning saw two moose wandering under the trees. [AND. Sokolov-Mikitov. Moose]

Mikhail the Brave walked alongside the others, like a simple warrior. [N. M. Karamzin. Marfa Posadnitsa]

They are all familiar with each other; They wore their clothes around so you wouldn’t know who was a corporal and who was a general. [M. N. Zagoskin. Roslavlev]

Because of this, he often answers incoherently, sometimes at random, and the objects getting in the way in his head further increase his timidity. [N. V. Gogol. Nevsky Avenue]

A man lives openly, doesn’t hide from people, doesn’t do harm to others, and helps whomever he can according to his strength and ability. [P. P. Bazhov. Circular lantern]

Little by little her tired head bowed: the poor girl had not slept for several nights, never leaving her sick brother, and now dozed off slightly. [IN. M. Garshin. The Tale of the Toad and the Rose]

Don’t think that he’s on an empty stomach, no, he crushed two pounds of rolls in the morning and had lunch at noon, as he should. [M. Bitter. In people]

I suppose you’re not writing for nothing, for money! [A. P. Chekhov. At Christmas time]

There was melancholy in his eyes, and a chessboard under his arm. [IN. Vysotsky. About the game of chess]

For example, there are no cockroaches in our dining room! [IN. Vysotsky. Dolphins again]

The population lived quietly. [Sasha Cherny. Soldier's Tales / Peaceful War]

She tapped them and they flew off, just like paint from old mannequins. [L. Ulitskaya. Journey to the seventh side of the world]

Their types and images are different, but the root of goods is the same everywhere, for nature is unchanged nowhere. [A. N. Radishchev. Having laid an insurmountable barrier...]

– What do you think love is? – the girl asked. [A. A. Fet. Cactus]

A? Who sent you, who benefits from this! [IN. Vysotsky. Dolphins again]

Truly, the blood stops and the brain is poisoned by the mere thought that people with such criminal intentions breathe the same air and are similar to us in their external appearance. [N. Eidelman. Letter to the Tsar]

The work at the dispensary, as in any other institution, was carried out in an extremely routine and senseless manner. [L. Ulitskaya. Daughter of Bukhara]

Finally I will be an accountant! [A. P. Chekhov. From the diary of an assistant accountant]

During assembly, many parts had to be recast and resharpened, adjusted, and cleaned manually. [A. Beck. Talent]

We walked with honor, as much as was enough for our wealth. [P. P. Bazhov. Circular lantern]

When the sovereign was still in Vilna, the army was divided into three... [L. N. Tolstoy. War and Peace]

When they died, it was bitter and hard for him, and when they grew up, they left him to struggle alone with severe need. [IN. G. Korolenko. Makar's Dream]

Some transporter will grab a lamb somewhere on the way out of the factory, and then slowly lead it behind his cart. [P. P. Bazhov. Vasina Mountain]

Malchish sits by the chimney on the roof, and Malchish sees an unfamiliar horseman galloping from afar. [A. Gaidar. A tale about a military secret, Malchisha-Kibalchisha and his firm word]

Life is life, and if some issue cannot be resolved, a person lives with this issue side by side. [IN. Makanin. Sur in Proletarsky district]

An order followed to give Khabarov two hundred rubles a year in addition to his salary. [AND. A. Goncharov. A vicissitude of fate]

The women swore loudly and pushed each other with their wallets. [D. Kharms. The start of a very nice summer day]

The opponents played in a draw. [A. Beck. Talent]

Those three looked at her intently, as you can only look at your friend. [Georgy Vladimov. We all deserve better]

You need to peel, then roll in crushed breadcrumbs and fry until dry so that they crunch on your teeth. [A. P. Chekhov. Ivanov]

In the bow of the vessel, behind the face, there is a cockpit with two round transoms glazed with aircraft glass. [IN. Astafiev. King Fish]

Often what is put on display is not really there. [IN. Postnikov. Why does the snake have such a long neck?]

Sitting high on a tree branch, holding a cone in their front paws, the squirrels quickly gnaw out the seeds from it, dropping the scales spinning in the air, throwing the gnawed resinous core onto the snow. [AND. Sokolov-Mikitov. Squirrels]

The father, in retaliation for switching the program, talked about space aliens - the most hated topic for the mother. [A. Bits. Forest]

But here I am, twice your age, and I can’t figure out life. [A. Averchenko. Expert of a woman's heart]

1.Adverbs, which are written in one word, must be distinguished from adverbial combinations, which are written in several words. Wed: in two, but: on the run; on the right, but: with a swoop, end-to-end, but: at the joint; for a laugh, But: on display and etc. Writing an adverb depends on which part of speech the word participated in its formation.

2. Adverbs, formed by combining prepositions with adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs, are usually written seamlessly, For example: slowly, hard-boiled(from adjective), foursome, two(from the numeral), with might and main(from pronoun), everywhere, forever(from adverbs), however there are a number of exceptions. Adverbs, formed by combining prepositions with nouns, constitute a special group of words that are difficult to remember.

Are being written seamlessly:

A) adverbs formed by combining prepositions with adverbs: until now, from the outside, forever, through, the day before yesterday, the day after tomorrow, completely, hardly;

b) adverbs, formed by combining the prepositions “in” and “on” with collective numerals: double, triple, quadruple, halves, triple(But: in twos, in threes, Also By alone);

V) adverbs formed by combining prepositions with short adjectives: dry, dead, from afar, hastily, little by little, in vain, rashly;

G) adverbs formed by combining prepositions with full adjectives: hard-boiled, close, hand-to-hand, often, recklessly, at random, probably Also for the first time and a draw.

d) adverbs, formed by combining a preposition and a noun, if: 1) they contain nouns that are not used in modern language or are used in a different meaning: in abundance, after, to pieces, completely, familiarly, from under the brows, on the sly, by the way, askew, down the drain, on an empty stomach, by hearsay, one by one, early in the morning, half asleep, too much; 2) significant circumstances of place or time and including nouns top, bottom, front, back, height, depth, distance, width, century, beginning: up, up, bottom, forward, back, behind, up, deep, into the distance, breadth, forever, first, at the beginning.

Are being written apart:

a) combinations of prepositions V and nouns starting with a vowel: in retaliation, in exchange, at the cutting edge, in an armful, at point-blank range;

b) combinations of nouns with prepositions without and (usually) until: tirelessly, to no avail, without looking back, until I drop, until I die;

c) combinations of nouns with other prepositions: on the go, on the fly, on the move, on the fly, on a grand scale, abroad, abroad, Also under the armpits, under the armpit, from under the armpit, the other day;

d) some combinations that have a figurative meaning: fundamentally (wrong), (this is) to my advantage, (to get) into a dead end.

3. Adverbs must be distinguished from a combination of preposition and noun. In most cases, these differences emerge in context. Wed: act in secret- keep secret; do it out of spite- complain about evil; really wet - believe in the truth, stand to death- go to death; smash completely- put it on your head etc. To master spelling adverbs you need to consult a spelling dictionary.

The difficulties of combined and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations are associated with the fact that the process of transition of prepositional-case forms (i.e. combinations of “preposition + noun”) into adverbs has in some cases been completed (then the adverb is written together), and in others - no (the adverbial combination is written separately). The spelling of such expressions must be memorized and checked in a spelling dictionary.

Apart are written

• adverbs formed from nouns with prepositions, if ends in a consonant, and the noun begins with a vowel (the rule is important for formations with V) :

  barely (but: desperately), in exchange, in an embrace, tightly (but: stretched), alone (act alone), in an embrace, in an armful, in revenge, in isolation, for the sake of, at a loss, point-blank , carelessly. without refusal, without restraint, without fatigue; openly (from an adjective), in both (from a numeral).

• adverbs formed from nouns with prepositions, if the nouns have retained some case forms (two or more) (the rule is especially important for writing combinations with prepositions in, on, by):

  put in a dead end - find yourself in a dead end, visit abroad - go abroad - come from abroad (but: trade with abroad - noun abroad), squat - squat down, on all fours - on all fours, check by touch - to make your way by touch, from memory - from memory, to take by arm (under the armpits) - to carry by arm (under the armpits) - to take from under the armpit (but: hairy armpits), according to conscience according to conscience, on tiptoe - on tiptoe, without knowledge - with knowledge, under a secret - under a secret, in the dark - darkness, on the heels - on the heels.

  But: inside out (but: from the inside out), one by one (but: alone), instantly (but: for a moment), hastily (But: not in a hurry), in return (but: in replacement)
  

• adverbs formed by a combination of prepositions in, on and nouns with -ah(s) (P.p.):

  in the hearts, in the darkness, in the heads, in the legs, on the run, on the run, on the trot, on bail, on the heels, the other day, on the clock, on joys, on demolitions, on the legs.

  But: in the dark, in a hurry, in the wake of sleep, in the heat of the moment.
  

• adverbial combinations in which nouns have a figurative meaning:

  to scold in the eyes (in absentia), to strike in the hearts (in the heat of the moment), to stand on the clock (on guard), to be on the run (to hide), to not be run by errands (to carry out small errands).

• adverbial combinations consisting of two identical nouns with a preposition between them:

  side by side, door to door, eye to eye, neck to neck, one on one, hour by hour, point to point, hour by hour.

  But: exactly, face to face.
  The adverbial combination consists of noun.I.p.+noun.Tv.p. without preposition:

  honor is honor, business is business, fool is fool.

• Adverbial combinations of nouns are written separately. with the following prepositions:
  

  Pretext	adverbial combination
  without	Without knowledge, without looking back, without refusal, without enlightenment, without analysis (without analysis), without asking (without asking), without sense, without restraint, without silence, without fatigue, without a twinge of conscience, without waking up; all combinations without + noun starting with a vowel.
  in (in)	in the form, in a curiosity, in addition, in conclusion, in the end, in the end, in the root, in moderation, in ridicule, in exchange, in an embrace, in the bleeder, in a tight fit, in a girth, in general, fully armed, in all hearing, alone (but: one by one), in order to avoid, in the open, in the open, in revenge, in an armful, in the dust, in contrast, in installments, in retail, in a row, in hearts, in a pool, on time, in the old days , to the side, in line, in silence, in three dooms, at a dead end, point blank; publicly, to avoid, a hundredfold But: in the dark, in the heat of the moment, in a daze, in a hurry (nouns are not used separately)
  before	on demand, until tomorrow, until desperately, to the extreme, beyond recognition, to satiety, to failure, goodbye, until now, until death, half to death, until midnight, until I drop;But: completely, to the top, to the bottom, forever; formed from short adjectives, adverbs and pronouns: , naked, black, white, drunk, satiated, completely, until now, here
  behind	for noon, for midnight, for repose; abroad, abroad, behind the scenes (in absentia, in absence)But: married, married, friend, flush.
  on	at random, on the run, on the side, forever and ever, by weight, by weight, by sight, by sight, by taste, for a while, by choice, by eye, by eye, by eye, by sin, by miracle, by days, at home, at home, at the rear, at envy, at the heels, at the end, at the end, at the end, at the end, at the end of the day, on the haunches, on the way, on the fly, in the manner, for a moment, at the world, at no, on the fly, perfectly, by touch, by memory, afloat, by bail, by sight, by backing (by back), for rare, by hand, at the trot, at a gallop, for glory, for laughter, for demolitions, for conscience, on guard, for slaughter, with a bang, on the go, on good, on tiptoe, on watch (on guard), on all fours
  from	from fat, from small to large, from strength (about two meters from strength)
  By	from time to time, on the cheap, according to gut feeling, in turn, predominantly. according to conscience, the old fashioned way, in twos, in threes
  under	under the side, in the evening, downhill, at the end, at the end, in the pit of the stomach (sucks in the pit of the stomach), under the arm, under the arms, under the nose, under the force, under the bushel, to match, in the morning, on the sly, under the bridle, downhillBut:sometimes, in a row (without exception), drunk, high
  s(co)	from side to side, from side to side, from side to side, with knowledge, in appearance, eye to eye, from the inside out (but: inside out), at a swoop, under the hammer (sell everything), on the fly (on the fly), on the sly (on the sly ), from beginning to end, or all of that, with pantalyk (not understanding what is happening around), with a flourish (with a flourish), with fear (with fear), with sleep (can’t make out), with time (get used to), with flared (from a cambered one), on the fly, out of habit (doesn’t work out) But, some of the adverbs of this group are written together: shoulder (hit), foolishly, immediately, too (very), outside, from the side, in a row (in a row: 10 years in a row), akin, half asleep, half asleep, early in the morning, in front, behind, below, above.It is necessary to distinguish adverbs formed as “preposition with + short adjective”: on the left, on the right, again, from a young age, casually, etc.

• no, neither

  out of sorts, out of proportion, not quite (to be not quite normal), out of step (to excel unlike others), out of count (this goal doesn’t count), no way, not good (happen), there is no hurry (to do), there is nothing to do. not to taste, not able to (do), not to the teeth, not to the shoulder, not to oneself, not to the gut (this is not a matter to the gut), more than once (to meet), not averse to (not averse to eating), not with hands (to do), not for anything (not to give up for anything), not for an iota (not to give in an iota), not for a penny (to perish for a penny), not to do with anything (stay with nothing), not even once ( not to meet), neither this way nor that (= in any way), here and there (= nowhere).

• because of, from under

  from abroad, from under the arms, from under the arm, from under the bushel

List of used literature:

• Balush T.V. Russian language in tables: a guide for preparing for centralized testing and exams / T.V. Balush -2nd ed. - Minsk: TetraSystems, 2010.-240 p.
• Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and applicants to universities / V.N. Svetlysheva. - M.: AST -PRESS SCHOOL, 2011 - ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.
• Senina N.A. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam-2012. - Rostov-on-Don, D: Legion, 2011, -524 p. ISBN 978-5-9966-0170-7

Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of adverbs is determined by the method of their formation.

Adverbs are written with a hyphen, If:

• have the prefix PO- and the suffixes -OMU, -EMU, -SKSH-TSKI, -I): in my opinion; (Exception: in Latin);
• have the prefix B-(VO-) and the suffixes -ИХ, -ИХ: firstly;
• have the prefix SOME- or the suffixes -TO, -OR, -ANIBUD: someone, someone;
• they are formed by repeating words, basics; words related by association: quickly, quickly, crosswise, here and there.

Remember adverbs and adverbial expressions that are written with a hyphen:

just
after all
criss-cross
little by little
more or less
here and there
exactly the same
tête-à-tête
back and forth
this way
inside out
unexpectedly
I'll say hello from the bay

But: swarming with tears, crying with tears, burning with grief.

In adverbs with the prefix PO- the hyphen is written only once: in worker-peasant style (but: worker-peasant).

A combination of two nouns in I.p. and so on. and having an intensifying meaning, are written with a hyphen (previously written separately):

fool-fool
pig-pig
eccentric-eccentric
honor-honor
rank and file

Adverbs are written together, If:

• formed from the adverb (everywhere - everywhere);
• formed from a short adjective (long) and from a comparative degree (lower);
• formed from the collective numeral with the prefix V-, NA- (in two, in two);
• have the suffix -УУ (hard-boiled; exception: open, lateral, world, backward);
• formed from words that are not used in the modern Russian language (zaperti);
• preposition + numeral four; exception on -ИХ, -ИХ): for two;
• preposition + numeral with vowel: at the same time; exception (both).

Remember: The prepositions IS (IZ), K, OT, IZ-UNDER + noun are written together: from time immemorial, by the way, to the ground, from birth, gradually, on the sly.

Exceptions: not in a hurry, not out of place.

Adverbs are written separately, educated:

• of two nouns with prepositions (side by side);
• using the preposition NA and a noun or adjective for a consonant: to backtrack);
• using the preposition B, WITHOUT and a noun that begins with a vowel (point-blank, without looking back).

Remember:

Adverbs formed using nouns and the following prepositions are written separately:

Continuous and separate writing of adverbs formed from the prepositions В, На and nouns

Test

1. Indicate in which rows all adverbs and adverbial expressions are written together.

• a) (c) later, (the other day), (c) secretly hope
• b) (on) the move, (like) a child, (c) clean
• c) from (either), (from) a swing, (c) a dash
• d) (c) catch up, (is) old, (one by) one

2. Indicate in which rows all words are written separately.

• a) (by) hearsay, (by) outcome, (by) force
• b) (c)on the fly, (under)hands, (in)discrimination
• c) (before) the drop, (from) outside, (in) the morning
• d) (abroad, (to) dump, (to) ready

3. Indicate in which rows all words are written with a hyphen.

• a) exactly (c) exactly, where (that), there (here)
• b) (in) German, (under) armpit, (c) sixth
• c) cross (crosswise), (in) two, somehow (no way)
• d) unexpectedly (unexpectedly), (secondly), (c) three

4. Indicate in which rows all adverbs have the suffix -A.

• a) tightly .., tightly .., dry ..
• b) again.., red-hot.., occasionally..
• c) for so .., for a long time .., again ..
• d) left.., easy.., so far..

5. Indicate in which case the explanation of the spelling is incorrect.

• a) (execute) differently- hyphenated spelling of adverbs with the prefix PO- and suffix -OMU
• b) satiated- the suffix is ​​written -A, because the prefix DO-
• V) without waking up- an adverbial expression formed from the preposition WITHOUT and a noun, always written separately
• G) from the side- adverbs formed from the preposition C and a noun are always written together

Keys to tests

We continue to explore the levels of the language system, based on . Let's turn to the most difficult spelling issues. Today we will talk about the spelling of adverbs.

Lesson 12. Spelling of adverbs formed from nouns. The letters Н and НН in suffixes of adverbs formed from adjectives and participles. Summary table of spelling of adverbs together, separately and with a hyphen

I. Adverbs formed from nouns with a preposition must be distinguished from the nouns themselves with a preposition and adverbial combinations. Use the table to distinguish them.

Exercise. Compare paired sentences with homonymous adverbs and nouns. What question from the verb will you put to the adverb? To a noun? Is it possible to add a case question to an adverb?

1. During a rockfall, small pebbles hail fell from the mountains. Crops were destroyed during a thunderstorm hail.
2. Alyosha keeps his thoughts in secret. Alyosha secretly likes Ole.

The task demonstrates that when you determine which part of speech is an adverb or a noun with a preposition without a dependent word, you need to consider that:

A) in a phrase from the main word, verb, to a dependent noun with a preposition, two questions can be asked - logical ( as where?) and grammatical, including a preposition. To an adverb, only the question of an adverb can be posed - it will be logical and grammatical at the same time;
b) a noun can be replaced by a synonymous or similar noun, and an adverb by an adverb.

For example:

1. (noun with preposition) Alyosha keeps his thoughts in secret. - Holds(How?, V how?) V secret; synonym - in secret.
2. (adverb) Alyosha secretly likes Ole. - Likes(how?, how?) secretly; synonym - secretly.

II. Adverbs ending in -O, were mainly formed in a suffixal way from adjectives and participles: beautiful (color) - (draw) beautifully, windy (person) - (act) windily, excited (child) - (answer) heaped.
In the suffix of such adverbs one letter N is written if they are formed from adjectives with one H, and NN is written if they are formed from adjectives and passive participles with NN, for example: in the wind n 1st person - act in the wind n oh puta n second answer - answer puta n oh, confused nn y answer - answer is confusing nn O.
Such adverbs -O in a sentence there are homophones of short passive participles or verbal adjectives of the neuter gender, where one or two letters N are written in the suffix.
Check - questions from the main word in a phrase to an adverb or participle. Adverbs answer questions how?, how?, which are placed mainly from the verb, and short participles and neuter adjectives answer the question what?, which comes from a noun. Compare:

1. The student answered(how?, how?) confusing. - Adverb formed from participle confused
2. The student answered(how?, how?) confused and confused. - Adverb, formed from a verbal adjective confused
3. My business(what?) confusing (how?) consequence. - Short participle: there is a dependent word
4. My business(what?) difficult and confusing. - Short verbal adjective: there are no dependent words and the producer of the action is not implied - a noun or pronoun in the instrumental case

III. The recommended manual examines in detail the morphology of the adverb and the spelling issues of this part of speech. Here we present a summary table of the spelling of adverbs together, separately and with a hyphen. For combined and separate writing of adverbs and adverbial combinations formed from nouns, see above.