Have any incidents ever happened to you when, while reading the works of Russian classics, you did not understand what they were writing about? Most likely, this was not due to your inattention to the plot of the work, but because of the writer’s style, which included outdated words and dialectisms.
V. Rasputin, V. Astafiev, M. Sholokhov, N. Nekrasov, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, V. Shukshin, S. Yesenin liked to express themselves in words of this type. And this is only a small part of them.
Dialectisms: what is it and how many types are there?
Dialects are words whose distribution and use are limited to a certain territory. They are widely used in the vocabulary of the rural population.
Examples of dialectisms in the Russian language show that they are characterized by individual characteristics relating to phonetics, morphology, and vocabulary:
1. Phonetic dialectisms.
2. Morphological dialectisms.
3. Lexical:
- actually lexical;
- lexical-semantic;
4. Ethnographic dialectisms.
5. Word-forming dialectisms.
Dialectisms also occur at the syntactic and phraseological levels.
Types of dialectisms as individual features of the original Russian people
In order to find out the original features of the dialect of the Russian people, it is necessary to consider dialectisms in more detail.
Examples of dialectisms:
- Replacing one or more letters in a word is typical for phonetic dialectisms: pshono - millet; Khvedor - Fedor.
- Changes in words, which are not the norm from the point of view of the agreement of words in sentences, are characteristic of morphological dialectisms: in mene; spoke to smart people (substitution of cases, plural and singular).
- Words and expressions that are found only in a certain area and have no phonetic or word-forming analogues. Words whose meaning can only be understood from the context are called lexical dialectisms. In general, in the known vocabulary they have equivalent words that are understandable and known to everyone. The southern regions of Russia are characterized by the following dialectisms (examples): beet - beet; cibula - bow.
- Words that are used only in a specific region and have no analogues in the language due to their correlation with the characteristics of the life of the population are called “ethnographic dialectisms.” Examples: shanga, shanga, shaneshka, shanechka - a dialectic denoting a certain type of cheesecake with a top potato layer. These delicacies are widespread only in a certain region; they cannot be described in one word from common usage.
- Dialectisms that arose due to a special affixal design are called word-formative: guska - goose, pokeda - bye.
Lexical dialectisms as a separate group
Due to their heterogeneity, lexical dialectisms are divided into the following types:
- Actually lexical: dialectisms that have a common meaning with general literary ones, but differ from them in spelling. They can be called peculiar synonyms of generally understood and well-known words: beets - sweet potatoes; stitch - path.
- Lexico-semantic. Almost the complete opposite of lexical dialectisms themselves: they have a common spelling and pronunciation, but differ in meaning. Correlating them, they can be characterized as homonyms in relation to each other.
For example, the word "cheerful" can have two meanings in different parts of the country.
- Literary: energetic, full of strength.
- Dialectal meaning (Ryazan): elegant, neat.
Thinking about the purpose of dialectisms in the Russian language, we can assume that, despite the differences with common literary words, they replenish the Russian literary word fund on an equal basis with them.
The role of dialectisms
The role of dialectisms for the Russian language is varied, but first of all they are important for the inhabitants of the country.
Functions of dialectisms:
- Dialectisms are one of the most important means of oral communication for people living in the same territory. It was from oral sources that they penetrated into written ones, giving rise to the following function.
- Dialectisms used at the level of district and regional newspapers contribute to a more accessible presentation of the information provided.
- Fiction takes information about dialectisms from the colloquial speech of residents of specific regions and from the press. They are used to convey local features of speech, and also contribute to a more vivid transmission of the character of the characters.
Some expressions slowly but surely find their way into the general literary stock. They become known and understandable to everyone.
Researchers studying the functions of dialectisms
P.G. Pustovoit, exploring the work of Turgenev, focused on dialectisms, examples of words and their meaning, he names the following functions:
- characterological;
- educational;
- dynamization of speech;
- cumulation.
V.V. Vinogradov based on the works of N.V. Gogol identifies the following series of functions:
- characterological (reflective) - it helps color the characters’ speech;
- nominative (nominal) - manifests itself when using ethnographisms and lexical dialectisms.
The most complete classification of functions was developed by Professor L.G. Samotik. Lyudmila Grigorievna identified 7 functions for which dialectisms in a work of art are responsible:
Modeling;
Nominative;
Emotive;
Culminative;
Aesthetic;
Phatic;
Characterological.
Literature and dialectisms: what are the dangers of abuse?
Over time, the popularity of dialectisms, even at the oral level, decreases. Therefore, writers and correspondents should use them sparingly in their works. Otherwise, it will be difficult to perceive the meaning of the work.
Dialectisms. Examples of inappropriate use
When working on a work, you need to think through the appropriateness of each word. First of all, you should think about the appropriateness of using dialect vocabulary.
For example, instead of the dialect-regional word “kosteril” it is better to use the common literary word “scold”. Instead of “promised” - “promised”.
The main thing is to always understand the line between moderate and appropriate use of dialect words.
Dialectisms should help the perception of the work, and not complicate it. To understand how to correctly use this figure of the Russian language, you can ask for help from word masters: A.S. Pushkina, N.A. Nekrasova, V.G. Rasputina, N.S. Leskova. They skillfully, and most importantly, used dialectisms moderately.
The use of dialectisms in fiction: I.S. Turgenev and V.G. Rasputin
Some works by I.S. Turgenev is difficult to read. When studying them, you need to think not only about the general meaning of the literary heritage of the writer’s work, but also about almost every word.
For example, in the story “Bezhin Meadow” we can find the following sentence:
“With quick steps I walked through a long “square” of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of this familiar plain ˂...˃ I saw completely different places unknown to me.”
An attentive reader has a logical question: “Why did Ivan Sergeevich put the seemingly usual and appropriate word “square” in brackets?”
The writer personally answers it in another work, “Khor and Kalinich”: “In the Oryol province, large continuous masses of bushes are called “squares.”
It becomes clear that this word is widespread only in the Oryol region. Therefore, it can safely be attributed to the group of “dialectisms”.
Examples of sentences using terms of a narrow stylistic focus, used in the speech of residents of certain regions of Russia, can be seen in the stories of V.G. Rasputin. They help him show the character's originality. In addition, the hero’s personality and character are reproduced precisely through such expressions.
Examples of dialectisms from Rasputin’s works:
- To become cold - to cool down.
- To make a fuss is to rage.
- Pokul - for now.
- Engage - get in touch.
It is noteworthy that the meaning of many dialectisms cannot be understood without context.
Sometimes, reading works of Russian literature of the 17th-19th centuries, many people are faced with such a problem as misunderstanding of individual words or even entire phrases. Why is this happening? It turns out that it’s all about special dialect words that intersect with the concept of lexical geography. What is dialectism? What words are called dialectisms?
In contact with
Classmates
The concept of “Dialectism”
Dialect is a word, which is used in a certain area, understandable to the residents of a certain territory. Most often, dialectisms are used by residents of small villages or hamlets. Interest in such words arose among linguists back in the 18th century. Shakhmatov, Dal, and Vygotsky made a great contribution to the study of the lexical meanings of words in the Russian language. Examples of dialectisms indicate that they can be varied in appearance.
The following types of dialectisms are distinguished:
- Phonetic. For example, only one letter or sound in a word is replaced. “myashki” instead of “bags” or “Khvyodor” instead of “Fedor”;
- Morphological. For example, there is confusion of cases, numerical substitution. “Sister came”, “At my place”;
- Word-forming. The population changes suffixes or prefixes in words when speaking. For example, guska - goose, pokeda - bye;
- Ethnographic. These words are used only in a certain area. They appeared based on natural or geographical features. There are no more analogues in the language. For example, shanezhka - cheesecake with potatoes or "poneva" - skirt;
- Lexical. This group is divided into subsections. She is the most numerous. For example, onions in the southern regions are called tsybul. And needlewort in northern dialects is needles.
Also, dialects are usually divided into 2 dialects: southern and northern. Each of them separately transmits all the flavor of local speech. Central Russian dialects stand apart, as they are close to the literary norms of the language.
Sometimes such words help to understand the order and life of people. Let's look at the word "House". In the north, it is customary to call each part of the house differently. The canopy and porch are a bridge, the rest rooms are a hut, the attic is a ceiling, the hayloft is a story, and the zhirka is a room for pets.
Dialectisms exist at the syntactic and phraseological levels, but are not studied separately by scientists.
Examples of “local” words in literature
It happens that previously the word was not used at all, only sometimes it could be heard dialectisms in artistic speech, but over time they become commonly used and are included in the Russian language dictionary. Example, verb “rustle”. It was originally used in the work of fiction “Notes of a Hunter” by I. S. Turgenev. It meant “onomatopoeia.” Another word is “tyrant.” This was the name of the man in the play by A.N. Ostrovsky. Thanks to him, this word is firmly entrenched in our everyday speech. Previously, such nouns as tues, ukhvat and owl were dialectal. Now they have quite confidently occupied their niche in explanatory dictionaries of the modern language.
Conveying the rural life of the Ryazan peasants, S. Yesenin in each of his poems uses any dialectisms. Examples of such words include the following:
- in a dilapidated shushun - a type of women's outerwear;
- kvass in a container - in a wooden barrel;
- Dracheny - food made from eggs, milk and flour;
- popelitsa - ash;
- damper - a lid on a Russian stove.
A lot of “local” words can be found in the works of V. Rasputin. Every sentence from his story is replete with dialectisms. But they are all used skillfully, as they convey the character of the heroes and the assessment of their actions.
- become cold - freeze, cool down;
- pokul - bye, goodbye:
- to party - to rage, to rage.
Mikhail Sholokhov in “Quiet Don” was able to convey all the beauty of Cossack speech through dialect.
- base - peasant yard;
- Gaydamak - robber;
- kryga - ice floe;
- plow - virgin soil;
- zaimishche - water meadow.
In the author's speech of "The Quiet Don" there are whole phrases that show us the way of life of families. The formation of dialectisms in speech occurs in various ways. For example, the prefix “for” says that an object or action should become the same as the original object. For example, twisted, baited.
Also in “Quiet Don” there are many possessive pronouns that are formed using the suffixes -in, -ov. Natalya's wipe, Christon's back.
But there are especially many ethnographic dialects in the work: savory, Siberian, chiriki, zapashnik.
Sometimes, when reading a work of literature, it is impossible to understand the meaning of a word without context, which is why it is so important to read the texts thoughtfully and completely. What words are called dialectisms, you can find out by looking at the “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”. You can also find such words in a regular explanatory dictionary. Next to them there will be a mark obl., which means “regional”.
The role of dialects in modern language
The role of such words can hardly be overestimated. They are designed to perform important functions:
The dialect is currently mainly spoken only by the older generation. In order not to lose the national identity and value of such words, literary scholars and linguists should do a lot of work; they should look for speakers of dialects and enter the found dialectisms into a special dictionary. Thanks to this, we will preserve the memory of our ancestors and restore the connection between generations.
The significance of works with dialectal usage is very great. Indeed, despite the great difference from the literary language, they, although slowly, but they expand their vocabulary Russian vocabulary fund.
Hello, dear readers of the blog site. There are words in the Russian language that are not used everywhere, but, for example, only in a particular region, city, or even terrain.
It is sometimes even difficult for an outsider to understand what they are talking about, although they designate objects that are understandable to everyone (for example, KOCHET is a rooster, and SHIBKO is a synonym for “strong”).
These words are called dialectisms, that is, they are, in fact, markers of the local dialect of the Russian language. In this article you you will find a lot of examples such words, definition of the term and examples from literary works where dialectisms are used.
What are dialectisms and examples of words
Dialectisms are words or figures of speech that are characteristic of the inhabitants of a certain region. They are widely used in a specific area, while their more common synonyms, on the contrary, are not in use.
Like many terms in the Russian language, the word “dialectism” came to us from Ancient Greece. And when translated it literally means "talk", "conversation", "adverb".
Examples of dialectic words:
And here real life example. Before continuing the story of what dialectisms are in the Russian language, I would like to recall a story from my personal life. Even at the beginning of my relationship with my wife, a funny incident happened. She asked me to stop by the store for groceries and even sent me a list of what I needed to buy on my phone. One of the points puzzled me, namely the name “ BURYAK».
I thought for a long time that this was a typo, but I never figured out what it was about. And when I called back, it turned out that it was a regular BEET. But in her small homeland, and she grew up in the Lipetsk region, they don’t say the word “beetroot,” but they say “beetroot.” In my 30 years of living in Moscow, I have never heard this.
But the embarrassment did not end there. The list also included BULKA. Here I didn’t call back, I bought several buns - small ones, and with different fillings. And only at home it turned out that by this word she meant a LOAF of white bread. It is interesting that she and her family always used the word BREAD to refer only to black bread.
A little later I found out that there is no mistake here, and such words in Russian are called dialectisms.
Examples of dialectisms from different regions of Russia
So, almost every region of Russia has its own characteristic words that are used only there. One of the striking examples is difference between Moscow and St. Petersburg. The distance between the cities is only some 700 kilometers, but it’s as if they speak different languages.
So, in the Northern capital they also say BULKA instead of LOAD, SHAVERMA instead of KHAURMA, PYSHKA instead of DONUT, KURA instead of CHICKEN. There they also call the front entrance, the curb, the ladle, the ladle, and the well-known robe, the KANGAROOKHOY.
And such linguistic features exist in almost every region of our country.
Altai region:
- Vyderga is a harmful woman;
- Shanezhki - buns;
- Victoria – strawberry;
- Multifora – stationery file;
- Spread out - do something very slowly.
Bashkiria:
- Aida - let's go, come on;
- Sabantuy - crowd, gathering.
Bryansk region:
- Smorsch - borscht;
- Skrygotnik – train;
- Gaino – disorder;
- Kimarit - sleep.
Primorsky Krai:
- Nabka - embankment;
- Steam - buy;
- Lantern - very simple;
- I shake a crab - I shake hands.
Volgograd region:
- Kushchari – bushes;
- Kulya – a tuft of hair;
- Rastyka is a clumsy person.
Pskov region;
- Zhuravina - cranberry;
- Diyanki - mittens.
Irkutsk region;
- Fork – a head of cabbage;
- Stramina is a bad person;
- To make a fuss is to make a row noisily.
And this is not the entire list. According to numerous dialectisms, residents of any region of Russia immediately recognize visitors.
But such words are used, as a rule, only in colloquial speech. In schools, institutes and in working documentation, the generally accepted Russian language is used. Otherwise there would be terrible confusion.
Classification of dialectisms with examples of words
All dialectisms in the Russian language are usually divided into several categories, depending on what characteristic features they have.
Main, do not confuse dialectisms with so-called professionalisms. The latter are words that are characteristic not of some regions, but of a group of people.
Thus, motorists often call the steering wheel of a car a STEER, journalists have the concept FISH (a draft of a future text), and pilots, when landing hard, say GIVE THE GOAT.
Examples of dialectisms in literature
A lot of dialectisms can be found on the pages of books, especially in the works of Russian classics. With their help, writers more accurately conveyed the atmosphere of the place, where the action of a particular novel takes place, making it more original, and the images of literary heroes more vivid.
For example, Mikhail in his novel “ Quiet Don"with the help of dialectisms more accurately describes the life of the Don Cossacks. So, instead of the usual word “hut”, he uses the local “KUREN”, “LEVADAMI” he calls the garden grove, and “BAZOM” - the place in the courtyard of the house where cattle are kept. And instead of the verb “to speak” on the pages of the novel there is only the Rostov word “GUTORIT”.
Since then he has rarely been seen on the farm. Prokofy Melikhov lived in his KUREN on the outskirts of Biryuk. And they talked wonderful things about him on the farm.
In the evening a thunderstorm gathered. There was a brown cloud over the farm. Behind LEVADA, dry lightning scorched the sky, and thunder crushed the earth with rare peals.
Aksinya shook herself off early, grabbed the heat, wrapped up her pipe and, after washing the dishes, looked out the window that looked out at the BAZ.
But the action of the story by Alexander Solzhenitsyn “ Matryonin yard"occurs in the Vladimir region. And in it you can also find examples of local dialectisms. So, the floors in the house are called “BRIDGES”, the basement is “BEDCLETRY”, and the entrance room in the hut is called “UPHOUSE”.
Behind the front door there were steps leading up to spacious BRIDGES, high roofed. To the left, more steps led up to the ROOM - a separate log house without a stove, and steps down to the BEDCLET.
And finally, Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol in their " Evenings on a farm near Dikanka“The whole story is told in a special Russian language - with the words that were used many centuries ago in Ukraine (and some are still in use today).
And there’s so much crap in the world, and you’ve also given birth to a WINNER!
A SHINOK (tavern) appeared in front of the Cossacks, falling to one side, like a woman on her way back from a merry christening.
They gave the Pole a blow under his nose, and they started a wedding: they baked cones, sewed on RUSHNIKOV (towel) and KHUSTOK (scarf).
Of course, the presence of dialectisms in literature creates many difficulties, first of all, for readers. After all, sometimes it is difficult to even guess what we are talking about. That is why in such books they make footnotes “note” in order to decipher this or that meaning.
Good luck to you! See you soon on the pages of the blog site
You might be interested
Euphemism is a fig leaf of the Russian language Synecdoche is an example of metonymy in Russian What are synonyms, their examples and what are they? Polysemantic words are examples of different facets of the Russian language Metonymy is an example of artistic enhancement of an image IMHO - what is it (decoding) and what is the meaning of the word IMHO in RuNet Historicisms are outdated words from the past Archaisms are the language of our ancestors Tandem is a mutually beneficial alliance What are antonyms and examples of enriching the Russian language with them Neologisms are the birth of new words (examples) 
Oxymoron - what is it, examples in Russian, as well as the correct stress and difference from an oxymoron (or axemoron)
The Russian language is rich, but they make it even more colorful dialectical words. Dialects exists in any language. This article by L. Skvortsov from the old magazine “Family and School” (1963) will be useful to everyone who studies linguistics, Russian and foreign languages in depth. This article will talk about the features the use of dialectisms, will be given examples of dialect words and expressions.
Dialectisms: examples of words
Many of us, especially those who lived in different regions of the country, noticed, of course, that living Russian speech has local differences.
Examples:
In the Yaroslavl, Arkhangelsk, Ivanovo regions and in the Upper Volga region, people “okay” (they say the end, go, stand). In this case, they place the accent correctly, but in the unstressed position a clear, round “O” is pronounced. In some Novgorod and Vologda villages they “clack” and “clink” (they say “tsai” instead of tea, “kuricha” instead of chicken, etc.). In the villages of the Kursk or Voronezh regions you can hear “yakan” (village and trouble are pronounced there as “syalo”, “byada”), a special pronunciation of consonant sounds (“use” instead of everything, “lauki” instead of bench, etc.).
Experts in Russian dialects, linguists, based on characteristic linguistic features - sometimes very subtle, unnoticeable - easily determine the region or even the village where a person came from, where he was born. Such local differences exist in many languages and form the basis of those unities that in the science of language are called dialects or dialects.
Modern dialects of the Russian language fall into two main dialects.
Examples:
North of Moscow there is a Northern Russian (or Northern Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by many features, including the “okany”, the explosive quality of the sound “g” - mountain, arc - and the firm pronunciation of verb endings in the 3rd person singular. numbers: walking, carrying, etc.
South of Moscow there is a South Russian (or South Great Russian) dialect. It is characterized by “akanye”, a special quality of “g” (fricative, duration) - mountain, arc - and soft pronunciation of the same verb endings: go, carry, etc. (The linguistic differences of these adverbs are complemented by ethnographic differences: features and construction dwellings, originality of clothing, household utensils, etc.).
Northern Great Russian dialects do not transform directly into Southern Russian dialects in the south. Between these two dialects, in a narrow strip, lie Central Russian (or Central Great Russian) dialects, which arose as a result of the interaction, “mixing” of Northern Russian and Southern Russian dialects in the border zone. A typical Central Russian dialect is the Moscow dialect, which combines the hardness of verb endings (Northern Russian trait) with “akany” (South Russian trait).
There is a fairly widespread opinion that dialects are a local distortion of the language, a “local irregular dialect.” In reality, dialects (or dialects) are a historical phenomenon. The special historical and linguistic science of dialectology, based on a thorough study of dialects, restores pictures of the ancient state of the language and helps to reveal the internal laws of linguistic development.
Russian literary language and dialects
During the era of the disintegration of the primitive communal system, the Slavs united into tribal unions (VI - VIII centuries AD). These unions included tribes that spoke closely related dialects. It is interesting to note that some of the existing dialectal differences in the Russian language date back to the era of tribal dialects.
In the 9th-10th centuries, the Old Russian people were formed. This was associated with the transition of the Eastern Slavs to a class society and with the formation of the Russian state with its center in Kyiv. At this time, the linguistic unit becomes the dialect of a particular region, economically and politically gravitating towards a certain urban center (for example, Novgorod - on the former land of the Slovenes, Pskov - on the land of the Krivichi. Rostov and Suzdal - on the territory of the descendants of the Krivichi and partly the Vyatichi) . Subsequently, such a unit became the dialect of the feudal principality - the direct ancestor of modern Russian dialects.
Above local dialects stands, uniting all speakers of Russian, the literary Russian language, which emerged as a national language at the time of the formation of the Russian nation and statehood. Having emerged on the basis of Central Russian dialects and the Moscow dialect, the literary language absorbed the best elements of folk dialects, was worked on by wordsmiths - writers and public figures - for centuries, was fixed in writing, and established uniform and binding literary norms for all.
However, having become independent, the literary language was never separated by a blank wall from dialects. Even now (albeit to a relatively small extent) it is replenished with words and phrases of folk dialects. Not everyone knows, for example, that “mow”, “grain grower”, “chill”, “steam”, “initial”, “break wood” are words and expressions of dialect origin, which have now become literary. Some of them came from the north, others from the south. It is interesting, for example, that we now say “hut reading room” and “hut-laboratory” and do not notice that “izba” is a Northern Russian word, and “hut” is a Southern Russian one. For us, both of these combinations are equally literary.
From what has been said, it should be clear that dialects cannot be assessed as “local distortions” of the Russian language. The system of each dialect (features of pronunciation, grammatical structure, vocabulary) is highly stable and, operating within a limited territory, is a generally accepted means of communication for this territory; so that the speakers themselves (especially among older people) use it as a familiar language from childhood and not at all a “distorted” Russian language.
Russian dialectisms and related languages
Why is dialect speech sometimes characterized as spoiled literary speech? This is explained by the fact that in terms of vocabulary, the general literary language and dialects largely coincide (the exception is “untranslatable” dialectisms: the names of peculiar household items, clothing, etc.), while the “external design” (sound, morphological) of ordinary words in unusual in one dialect or another. This unusualness of well-known, commonly used (as if simply “distorted”) words first of all attracts attention: “ucumber” or “igurets” (instead of cucumber), “hands”, “rake” (instead of hands, rake), “ ripe apple" (instead of ripe apple), etc. It is clear that in literary language such dialectisms have always been considered as violations of the norm.
Anyone who wants to master correct Russian speech must know the peculiarities of the dialect in which they live, know its “deviations” from the literary language in order to be able to avoid them,
In Russian dialects bordering the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, the picture is complicated by the influence of these related languages. In the Smolensk and Bryansk regions (bordering Belarus) you can hear, for example, “I will throw myself”, “I will shave” instead of shave, I will shave, “trapka” instead of rag, “prama” instead of straight, “adzezha” i.e. clothes, clothes and etc. Everyday linguistic environment has a significant impact on the speech of Russian people living on the territory of Ukraine. Elements of the Ukrainian language, the so-called Ukrainianisms, are widely known, penetrating into the speech of Russian people and often spreading beyond the borders of Ukraine: “play” instead of play, “pour” instead of pour, “mark” (tram number), “extreme” instead of last, “where are you coming? instead of where are you going?, “I’m going to you” instead of going to you, “at kume” instead of at kuma’s, “sweet jam” instead of sweet jam, “back” instead of again, again, “kura” instead of chicken and others.
The use of dialectisms. Literary-dialectal bilingualism
The question may arise: is there a danger to living Russian speech due to such a wide distribution of dialectisms in it? Will the dialect element overwhelm our language?
There was and is no such danger. Despite the abundance of dialect deviations, they are all local in nature. We must not forget that the guardian of speech culture is the literary Russian language - the keeper and collector of the linguistic values of the people in all periods of its history. Due to historical changes in the life and way of life of our people, local dialects of the Russian language are disappearing. They are destroyed and dissolved in the literary language, which is becoming increasingly widespread. Nowadays, the broadest masses have become familiar with the literary Russian language - through the press, books, radio, television. A characteristic feature of this active process is a kind of literary-dialectal “bilingualism”. For example, in school, during lessons, students speak based on the literary language, and in the family circle, in conversations with elders or among themselves, in a social setting, they use the local dialect, using dialectisms in their speech.
Interestingly, the speakers themselves clearly feel their “bilingualism.”
Examples:
“At the school at Konotop station,” says reader M.F. Ivanenko, “boys and girls, 10th grade students, walking around the swampy place, said to each other: “Go this way” or “go that way,” or “go beyond - on me." I asked them: “Is this what you will write?” - "How?" - “Yes, like this - this way, that way, behind me?” “No,” they answer, “we say so, but we will write here, here, behind me.” A similar case is described by reader P. N. Yakushev: “In the Klepikovsky district of the Ryazan region, high school students say “he’s coming” instead of he’s coming, “our wires are going down” (i.e. they’re making noise, buzzing), “she’s dressed” instead dressed, etc. If you ask: “Why do you say that? Is that what they say in Russian?”, then the answer is usually: “We don’t say that at school, but we do at home. That's what everyone says."
Literary-dialectal “bilingualism” is an important intermediate stage in the disappearance, leveling (leveling) of folk dialects. For centuries, the established linguistic community subordinates the speech activity of the inhabitants of a particular area. And, in order not to interfere with communication, not to disrupt the usual speech skills, people are forced in everyday life, in everyday life, to speak in a dialect - in the language of their grandfathers and fathers. For each individual person, such bilingualism is in a state of unstable equilibrium: as much as a person is “embarrassed” in the conditions of his native dialect to speak literary, “in the city”, he is just as embarrassed in the city or in general in the conditions of literary speech to speak in his own way, “in -rustic."
HOW DIALECTS DISAPPEAR
“Bilingualism” is an important result of our universal education; it helps to quickly get rid of dialect features in literary speech. It must be borne in mind, however, that with dialectal-literary bilingualism (and indeed when mastering a literary language in general), people often know only the most characteristic, obvious features of the use of their dialect. They know how to avoid them in literary speech, but do not notice the smaller, “hidden” dialect features behind them. First of all, this relates to pronunciation and stress. It is known that pronunciation skills are developed in a person at a relatively early age and are usually retained for life. Therefore, having freed himself, for example, from “okanya” or “yakanya”, a person continues to say “vyuga” (blizzard), “svekla” (beetroot), “bochkya” (barrel), “bruki” (trousers), “moy” and “yours” (mine and yours), “flow” and “run” (flows and runs), etc., without noticing these deviations from the norm.
Nowadays, local linguistic features are preserved mainly in villages and villages. The speech of the urban population also partly reflects regional dialects. But even before the revolution, the influence of the literary language captured all layers of the urban population and began to penetrate into the countryside. This especially applies to those areas where latrine industries were highly developed (for example, the northern provinces of pre-revolutionary Russia). Moreover, the influence of “urban” speech was most pronounced among the male population, while the speech of women (who usually worked at home) retained archaic local features.
The destruction of Russian dialects, their dissolution in the literary language of the Soviet era is a complex and uneven process. Due to the persistence of certain linguistic phenomena, dialect differences will persist for a long time. Therefore, it is impossible, as some people think, to “eradicate” all dialects in one fell swoop. However, it is possible and necessary to fight dialectal features, dialectisms that penetrate into literary Russian speech and clog it. The key to success in the fight against dialectisms is active and deep mastery of the norms of the literary language, widespread propaganda of the culture of Russian speech. A special role belongs to the rural school and its teachers. After all, in order to teach students to speak literary and competently, to write without errors, the teacher must know what local features can be reflected in the students’ speech.
Dialect words can be found in the books of Russian writers - old and modern. Dialectisms are usually used by realist writers only to create local speech color. They appear very rarely in the author's own narrative. And here everything depends on the skill of the artist, on his taste and tact. The wonderful words of M. Gorky still remain in force that “local dialects” and “provincialisms” very rarely enrich the literary language, more often they clog it up by introducing uncharacteristic, incomprehensible words.”
Article from the magazine “Family and School”, L. Skvortsov.
Researcher at the Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, department led by Professor A. Reformatsky
Did you like it? Click the button:
From dialects, from “soil”, then he, like
Ancient Antaeus, would lose all his strength
And would become like a dead language, like
Now is the Latin language.
L.V.Shcherba
The language of writing, science, culture, fiction, official business documents is the literary language, but the means of everyday communication for a considerable part of the inhabitants of Russia is their native dialect .
A dialect, or dialect, is the smallest territorial variety of a language, spoken by residents of several nearby villages, if the speech in them is uniform, or of one village. Dialects are characterized by phonetic and grammatical features, as well as specific vocabulary.
Dialectisms are words of local dialects that are found in the speech of people from a certain dialect environment and are used in the language of fiction as a means of stylization (in order to create local color and speech characteristics of characters).
Depending on the nature of the differences between a dialect word and a literary one, the following types of dialectisms are distinguished:
1. Phonetic dialectisms reflect the features of the sound system of dialects. This is okana, yak, clack, pronunciation of [γ] fricative, pronunciation of [x] and [xv] in place of [f]: milk, byada, na[γ ]a, hvartukh, kartokhlya, tasto. Yes, in a ditty How Baranovsky girls say the letter “tse”: “Give me soap, a towel and tsulotski on the pets!”- reflects the clicking, which is characteristic of Arkhangelsk, Pskov, Ryazan and many other dialects.
2. Grammatical dialectisms reflect the features of the grammatical structure of dialects. For example, nouns may differ in gender ( red sun, my towel, gray mouse), number ( the heat was intense) belonging to another type of declension, having in one case or another an ending that is unusual for the literary language. Here is an example from A.S. Griboedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”: The pincushion and the legs are so cute! Pearls ground into white! At the noun whitewash(plural only) in the accusative case the ending is ы, which reflects the peculiarity of the dialect of Moscow, which was considered a literary norm at the beginning of the 20th century. It was also acceptable in those days to use [t] soft verbs in the 3rd person, which is now assessed as a dialectal feature characteristic of the South Russian dialect. For example, the poet S. Marin (1776-1813) rhymes the verb in the indefinite form be in love With belongs, standing in the form of the 3rd person, which indicates the pronunciation of soft [t] : You cannot doubt that I could love another, since every movement of my heart belongs to you alone.
Grammatical dialectisms also include the special use of prepositions ( He came from Moscow), constructions unusual for a literary language (I'll break your cup).
3. Lexical dialectisms are divided into:
A) actually lexical– local names of objects and phenomena that have synonyms in the literary language ( peplum - beautiful, bayat - talk, povet - hayloft, hefty - very);
b) lexical-phonetic dialectisms reflect irregular (represented by isolated cases and “unpredictable”, in contrast to okanya, yakanya, tsokanya, etc.) phonetic features ( vyshnya - cherry, hollow - hollow, teasing - teasing, breakfast - breakfast). A variety of lexical-phonetic dialectisms are accentological– words that differ from literary accents ( h A dry - zas at ha, in e rba – willow A, X O freezing - cold O).
V) lexical-word-formative dialectisms are words that have some differences in the word-formation structure compared to words of the literary language ( to visit - to visit, fox - fox, groin - smell).
4. Semantic dialectisms- these are words that have a different meaning than in the literary language (watermelon “pumpkin”, good-natured “white mushroom”, bridge “floor”, teapot “a person who loves to drink tea”).
5. Ethnographic dialectisms– names of objects and phenomena that have no analogues in the literary language. This is due to the peculiarities of life, housekeeping, and rituals in a certain area. This includes the names of residential and outbuildings, their parts, tools, clothing, kitchen utensils, dishes (poneva “a type of skirt worn by married peasant women”, novina “severe canvas”, tues “a vessel made of birch bark”, dvernik “a person who opens door during the wedding ceremony").
6. Phraseological dialectisms- these are stable combinations of words found only in dialects ( enter into goodness “enter into trust”, take yourself out “arrange your life”, tie your head “stop doing anything”).
Linguist V.I. Chernyshev noted: “The vocabulary of the village is richer than that of the city... When we want to expand our historical and philological education, here knowledge of the folk language will provide us with invaluable services.”
Due to the preservation of many archaic features, dialects serve as material for historical and linguistic research and explanation of ancient language monuments. Thus, in some dialects soft hissing [zh], [sh] are still preserved.
Studying dialects helps to better understand the kinship of Slavic languages. For example, in Russian dialects the custom of helping each other with work, if it needs to be done urgently or is labor-intensive, is called help/help, cleanup/cleanup(compare with Belarusian talaqa/talaqa), and the holiday of the end of the harvest - dozhinki / obzhinki / spozhinki.
The fate of the dialect is inseparable from the life of the people. The boundaries of linguistic phenomena often coincide with ancient political boundaries. For example, the boundaries of word distribution cockerel, flail leash correspond quite accurately to the borders of the ancient Novgorod Republic. Therefore, dialectology is closely related to such branches of scientific knowledge as history, archeology, ethnography, and folklore.
Many Russian writers loved the living folk word. S.T. Aksakov, N.S. Leskov, P.P. Bazhov, S.G. Pisakhov, B.V. Shergin, M. Sholokhov especially often resorted to dialectisms.
The literary language constantly influences dialects, and they are gradually destroyed, losing many of their features, but dialects, in turn, influence the literary language. So, from the talk came the words strawberries, plow, bagel. Especially often, the literary language lacks expressive vocabulary, which quickly “fades” and loses its original expressiveness. In these cases, dialects come to the aid of the literary language.
